Artikkelit jotka sisältää sanan 'mire'
Palsasoiden levinneisyys, rakennetyypit ja tila Suomessa 2010-luvulla.
English title: Distribution range, morphological types and state of palsa mires in Finland in the 2010s.
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Tässä tutkimuksessa osoitetaan, että Suomessa esiintyy kaksi palsojen rakennetyyppiä: kumpupalsat ja laakiopalsat. Niiden luonnehtimat suot kuvataan palsasoiden eri yhdistymätyyppeinä. Kumpupalsasoissa on paikoittaista eli sporadista ikiroutaa ja laakiopalsasoissa epäjatkuvaa ikiroutaa. Palsojen esiintyminen, pinta-ala ja tila on kartoitettu ilmakuvien avulla. Kumpupalsojen varsinainen esiintymisalue on tunturikoivuvyöhykkeen etelä- ja keskiosissa Enontekiöllä, Utsjoella ja Inarin pohjoisosissa, laakiopalsojen tunturikoivuvyöhykkeen yläosissa ja alapaljakalla Enontekiön Käsivarren keskiosissa ja Utsjoen itäisillä tuntureilla. Palsojen sulaminen on tähän mennessä kohdistunut etupäässä kumpupalsoihin, joista 60–70 % on romahtanut. Monet kumpupalsasuot ovat palautumassa aapasoiksi. Laakiopalsat kestävät ilmaston muutosta paremmin. Niiden sulamisasteeksi on arvioitu 10–30 %. Tutkimuksessa kuvataan myös palsojen sulamismekanismia, jonka todetaan tapahtuvan kumpupalsoilla pääasiassa lateraalisesti suoveden vaikutuksesta, laakiopalsoilla myös pinnalle syntyvien termokarstiallikoiden takia. Sulaminen ei ole enää yhteydessä palsojen sykliseen kehitykseen, vaan se tapahtuu ilmaston muutoksen seurauksena. Uusia palsan aihioita ei ole enää nähty 2000-luvun ilmakuvissa, eikä myöskään maastossa.
Suomen aapasuoalueen välipintakoivulettojen, Warnstorfii-lettojen ja lettokorpien analyysi: lajistogradientit, tyyppivariantit ja makrotopografia.
English title: Analysis of drier rich Betula pubescens fens, rich Sphagnum warnstorfii fens and rich Picea abies mires in the aapa mire area of Finland: compositional gradients, type variants and macro-topography.
Original keywords:
habitaattityypit;
korpisuus;
lähteisyys;
Saxifrago-Tomentypnion;
Sphagno warnstorfii-Tomentypnion;
suotyypit
English keywords:
mire site types;
groundwater influence;
habitat types;
Saxifrago-Tomentypnion;
Sphagno warnstorfii-Tomentypnion;
species composition of Picea abies mires
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Letot ovat Suomen uhanalaisinta suokasvillisuutta. Niiden luokittelu botaanisiin suotyyppeihin, uhanalaisuusarvioineissa käytettyihin habitaattityyppeihin ja mannertason levinneisyysarvioissa käytettyihin Braun-Blanquet tyyppeihin on tärkeää, jotta erilaisten lettojen uhanalaisuusaste ja suojelutarve osataan arvioida. Pääosa letoista on ruskosammalvaltaisia. Lettojen luokittelu suotyypeiksi muutaman valtasammalen mukaan on paljolti jopa nevojen luokittelua selkeämpi. Sen sijaan rahkasammalvaltaisen, Sphagnum warnstorfii-rikkaan lettokasvillisuuden suomalainen luokittelu – Warnsorfii-letot, lähdeletot, välipintakoivuletot ja lisäksi runsaspuustoisemmat lettokorvet – perustuu vain pieniin lajistollisiin eroihin ja muodostaa siten epävarmuustekijän luokittelussa. Testasimme Ruuhijärven (1960) klassisesta kasvillisuusaineistosta Peräpohjolan ja Pohjanmaan aapasuoalueen ´kuivempien koivulettojen´, Warnstorfii-lettojen ja lettokorpien luokittelua klusterianalyysin avulla. Ordinaation avulla tarkastelimme aineiston päävaihtelusuuntia sekä vertasimme klustereiden sijoittumista suhteessa alkuperäisiin suotyyppeihin. Klusterit nimesimme indikaattorilajianalyysista saatujen tunnusomaisimpien lajien avulla. Käytimme ensin kolmen klusterin optiota suotyyppien määrän mukaan, mutta klusterit eivät rinnastuneet suotyyppeihin. Suotyyppitulkinnan kannalta seuraavan jakotason alaklusterit osoittautuivatkin hedelmällisiksi; kuvasimme ne erotuslajien avulla suoraan kasvillisuustaulukosta. Uudet klusterit saatoimme tulkita suokuvion pinnan makrotopografian ja purkautuvan pohjaveden määrän suhteen: laakeisiin lähdekumpuihin liittyy oma kasvillisuusyksikkönsä ja habitaattityyppinsä, jolloin varsinainen välipintakoivuletto kapenee alkuperäisestä (tasainen suurmuoto, koivuisuus). Analyysissä erottuivat lisäksi Warnsorfii-leton keskustavaikutteinen variantti (tasainen, puuton) ja Warnstorfii-leton reunavaikutteisesta variantista ja lettokorvesta muodostunut kasvillisuusyksikkö, jollainen kasvillisuus pääosin sijoittuu maastoon kaikista edellisistä poiketen alla olevan kivennäismaan topografiaa mukaillen. Viimemainittu testiyksikkö myös osoitti, että hyvin samantapaista kasvillisuutta voi olla niin puustoisessa kuin avosuohabitaatissakin. Warnstorfii-leton kahden variantin sijoittuminen testiluokittelussa kauas toisistaan korostaa habitaattityypittelyyn ennestään sisältyvää luokitteluongelmaa, jossa ´välipintaletto´ (Campylium-letto ja Warnstorfii-letto yhdessä) käsittää epäsuhtaisen suuren vaihtelualan suhteessa välipintakoivulettoon. Braun- Blanquet tyypittelyn kannalta Ruuhijärven lettokorpinäytealasarjalla (auktorimerkintä Braunmoorbrücher Ruuhijärvi 1960) on korvaamaton merkitys, koska tyyppi on vielä systeemissä luokittelematta.
Keidassuon pintakuvioituksen muutokset viimeisten 82 vuoden aikana Pyhtään Munasuolla.
English title: Changes in the surface patterning in the raised bog Munasuo, SE Finland during the past 82 years.
Original keywords:
keidassuo;
kermi;
kulju;
allikko;
ruoppakulju;
välipinta;
progressiivinen kehitys;
ilmaston muutos;
hiilen sidonta
English keywords:
raised bog;
mud-bottom hollow;
mud-bottom pool;
carbon sequestration;
hummock ridge;
progressive development of mire
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Työssä tarkastellaan tyypillisen kaakkoissuomalaisen laakiokeitaan, Pyhtään Munasuon, kasvillisuuden ja pintarakenteiden muutoksia 82 vuoden ajanjaksolla 1941–2022. Aineisto perustuu ilmakuviin ja maastohavaintoihin. Täydennyksenä esitetään muutamia havaintoja myös Munasuon itäpuolisen Valkmusan-Kananiemensuon suokompleksin alueelta. Pohdimme tekijöitä, jotka mahdollisesti selittävät havaittuja muutoksia. Työmme liittyy ajankohtaiseen tutkimukseen, jossa selvitetään ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutuksia soiden kasvillisuuteen.
Työssä käytetty ImageJ-ohjelmisto osoittautui käyttökelpoiseksi työkaluksi suoallikoiden, ruoppakuljujen ja keidassuon pintarakenteiden, kuljujen ja mättäiden, sekä suurempien puiden havaitsemiseen ilmakuvissa. Pintatopografiassa mättäät ja kermit osoittautuivat varsin pysyviksi, kun taas kuljuissa, ruoppakuljuissa ja allikoissa oli enemmän vaihtelua. Mättäiden rahkasammalten, erityisesti rusorahkasammalen (Sphagnum rubellum) suhteellisen peittävyyden lisääntyminen kuljusammallajiston kustannuksella sekä allikoiden avovesipinnan nopea pienentyminen saattaa osaltaan ilmentää hiilensidonnan merkittävää viimeaikaista kasvua Munasuon keidassuoekosysteemissä.
Azorien rahkasuot – esimerkkinä Terceira-saaren suot.
English title: Classification of Sphagnum peatlands in Azores — cases from Terceira Island.
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The aims of this study were to explore the mires (peatlands) in Terceira Island of Azores, invent their vegetation and ecology, and classify the mires to the ecological groups. In the field, totally 300 mires were identified and mapped, of which 58 were selected for the detailed analysis of this study. Physical, chemical, floristic, hydrological and geomorphologic data of the mires were collected in 1997–2004. The data were organized and analysed using ordination methods (CA). A detailed distribution map of the mires in the Island is presented. Three major mire site groups occurring in Azores were identified: (1) Basin mires; (2) Transition and raised mires and (3) Hillside and blanket mires. The profiles and the plant species of these site type groups are presented.
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Mendes,
Centro do Clima, Meteorologia e Mudanças Globais (C_CMMG) – CITTA. GEVA Intergraph Registed Laboratory, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias Universidade dos Açores. Rua Capitão João d’Ávlia – Pico da Urze 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Açores, Portugal
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Dias, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kylpyturpeen ominaisuudet ja laatusuositukset Suomessa.
English title: Characteristics and the quality guidelines of balneological peat in Finland.
Original keywords:
suo;
turve;
kylpyturve;
turvehoidot;
maatuneisuus;
rahkaturve;
saraturve;
humushapot
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Keski-Euroopan kylpylöissä on käytetty turvetta jo yli kahdensadan vuoden ajan reuman sekä muiden tuki- ja liikuntaelinsairauksien, urologisten ja gynekologisten vaivojen ja jopa lapsettomuuden hoitoon. Hoidot on tunnettu paremmin mutakylpyjen ja mutahauteiden/naamioiden nimellä, mutta niissä käytettävä materiaali on lähes aina turvetta. Suomessa turvehoitoja alettiin käyttää ensimmäisten kylpyturvetutkimusten valmistuttua 1990-luvun alusta alkaen. Geologian tutkimuskeskuksessa on tutkittu suomalaisten kylpyturpeeksi soveltuvien turvelajien fysikaalisia ja kemiallisia ominaisuuksia vuodesta 1989 lähtien. Tutkimustulosten perusteella Suomesta löytyy runsaasti hyvälaatuista turvehoitoihin sopivaa turvetta. Tutkimustulosten ja käytön perusteella kylpyturpeelle on pyritty antamaan laatusuositukset, jotka vastaavat kansainvälisiä kylpyturpeen käytön laatuvaatimuksia kriteerejä. Hyvä kylpyturve on pitkälle maatunutta, H7 - H8 von Postin 10-asteikon mukaan, ja turve sisältää humushappoja vähintään 20 % kuivapainosta. Rikkipitoisuus on alle 0,30 % kuivapainosta ja siinä ei ole haitallisia määriä raskasmetalleja. Tässä artikkelissa esitetään tulokset 23 suolta tehdyistä kylpyturvetutkimuksista. Merkittävimmät erot rahka- ja saraturpeiden välillä havaittiin pH-arvoissa, rahkaturpeet ovat happamampia kuin saraturpeet. Myös humushappojen (2%) ja humiinien (5%) määrät olivat hieman korkeampia saraturpeilla.
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Korhonen,
Riitta Korhonen, erikoistutkija emerita, Tilanhoitajankaari 22 C 55, 00790 Helsinki, e-mail: riittakorhonen3@gmail.com
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Talviaikainen hiilivuo boreaaliselta suosukkessiogradientilta seuraa kesäaikaisen hiilidynamiikan vaihtelua.
English title: Winter carbon losses from a boreal mire succession sequence follow summertime patterns in carbon dynamics.
Original keywords:
sukkessio;
suon kehitys;
primaarisoistuminen;
hiilidioksidi;
metaani;
lumikerros;
Siikajoki;
maankohoamisrannikko
English keywords:
Carbon dioxide;
methane;
Mire development;
land uplift coast;
mire succession;
primary paludification;
snow pack;
Siikajoki
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Although carbon (C) gas exchange during the summer largely determines the annual C balance of mires, the wintertime fluxes cannot be ignored. Decomposition continues as long as the soil is not frozen and a proportion of the gases produced during summer are also released during winter. We measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes along a successional mire sequence during two winters following growing seasons with divergent weather conditions. We studied the successional trends in wintertime C release in boreal mires, and quantified the contribution of wintertime C fluxes to annual fluxes. Wintertime CO2 and CH4 fluxes from the successional mire sequence were related to the flux rates during the previous summer. Average winter CO2 release along the successional sequence varied between 19.5 and 44.9 g CO2-C m–2 winter–1(6-months), and accounted for 8–14% of the annual CO2 release. There was no clear successional trend in CO2 fluxes. Average winter CH4 release along the successional sequence varied between 0.20 and 7.29 CH4-C g m–2 winter–1(6-months).The winter CH4 fluxes accounted for up to 38% of the annual CH4 emissions. Occasional CH4 uptake was detected at the younger successional stages during winter following the dry summer, while after the wet summer all sites emitted CH4. In general, most of the winter C losses were composed of CO2.
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Leppälä,
Mirva Leppälä, Finnish Forest Research Institute, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland. Current address: Metsähallitus, Natural Heritage Services Ostrobothnia, BOX 81, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland, email: mirva.leppala@metsa.fi
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Laine, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tuittila, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Riekon (Lagopus lagopus) talviravinnon käyttö ja valinta Suomen eteläisissä populaatioissa.
English title: Winter food use and selection of willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus) in southern Finland.
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Riekkokannat Suomen eteläisissä osissa ovat heikentyneet merkittävästi viime vuosikymmenten aikana. Yhtenä keskeisenä tekijänä tälle on esitetty predaation ja metsästyspaineen ohella varsinkin avosoiden kuivattamista ja metsittymistä, jotka ovat muuttaneet riekkojen elinympäristöjä. Yhtenä syynä riekon vähenemiselle voi olla ravinnon määrän, laadun ja saatavuuden pieneneminen. Suurin osa aiemmista riekkojen ravinnonkäytön ja -valinnan tutkimuksista on tehty Lapissa kupujen sisältöjen perusteella, mutta tietoa eteläisen Suomen riekkojen ravintokäyttäytymisestä on hyvin vähän. Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkittiin riekkojen talviravinnon käyttöä ja valintaa Itä-Suomessa Ilomantsissa ja Joensuun Uimaharjussa. Näillä alueilla elää vielä pieniä riekkopopulaatioita. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin riekkojen kokonaisravinnonkäyttöä syönnösjälkiä laskemalla. Riekkojen suhteellista ravinnonkäyttöä selvitettiin laskemalla lumijälkiä eri kasvilajien tuntumasta sekä kartoittamalla kasvillisuutta kahdessa eri mittakaavassa. Valintakokeessa riekoille tarjottiin kuutta eri pajulajia sekä hieskoivua. Riekkojen käyttämä ravinto koostui kiiltopajusta (Salix phylicifolia), pohjanpajusta (S. lapponum) ja tuhkapajusta (S. cinerea). Mustuvapajua (S. myrsinifolia) riekot söivät mielellään silloin, kun sitä oli tarjolla. Hieskoivua (Betula pubescens) riekot käyttivät ravintonaan vain vähän. Suhteessa tarjolla olevan ravinnon määrään vaivaiskoivu (Betula nana), mustuvapaju, halava (S. pentandra) ja pohjanpaju olivat halutumpia kuin kiiltopaju, mutta kiiltopaju saattaa kasvutapansa vuoksi tarjota riekoille helpommin saatavaa ravintoa. Valintakokeen mukaan riekot ovat pajulajien suhteen generalisteja. Valintakokeessa olivat mukana pohjanpaju, tuhkapaju, kiiltopaju, mustuvapaju, halava, virpapaju (S. aurita) ja hieskoivu. Virpapajua ja hieskoivua syötiin vähemmän kuin muita mukana olleita kasvilajeja. Valintakokeessa vuosikasvujen kärjet olivat suositumpaa ravintoa kuin silmut. Riekkoja olisi mahdollista ruokkia talven yli, sillä ne oppivat testilajien paikat ja palasivat samoille paikoille syömään uudet testiasetelmat. Riekot tarvitsevat vuoden aikana useita erilaisia elinympäristöjä, jotka ovat riittävän lähellä toisiaan. Eteläiset riekkopopulaatiot tarvitsevat selviytyäkseen sekä avosoita, kangasmetsiä että pajua tarjoavia talvielinympäristöjä. Tulosten perusteella talviravintoa esiintyi tutkimusalueilla riittävästi, eivätkä ravinnon määrä, laatu tai saatavuus rajoittanut riekkojen elinmahdollisuuksia.
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Miettunen,
Jenni Miettunen, Itä-Suomen yliopisto, Luonnontieteiden ja metsätieteiden tiedekunta, biologian laitos, PL 111, 80101 Joensuu, email: jenni.miettunen@gmail.com
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Aapasoiden nuoret sukkessiovaiheet Pohjois-Pohjanmaan maankohoamisrannikolla.
English title: Young successional stages of aapa mires on the land uplift coast of northern Ostrobothnia, Finland.
Original keywords:
Aapasuo;
soiden ekohydrologia;
soiden sukkessio;
soiden kehitysvaiheet;
soiden kasvillisuusgradientit;
kronosekvenssi;
maankohoamisrannikot
English keywords:
peatland;
aapa mire;
ecohydrology;
successional stages;
vegetation gradients;
chronosequence;
land uplift coast
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Maankohoamisesta johtuvan rannansiirtymisen tuloksena on Perämeren rannikolle syntynyt aapasoiden nuorista kehitysvaiheista koostuvia sukkessiosarjoja. Ne ovat ekologisesti ja tieteellisesti arvokkaita ekosysteemejä, jotka ovat ainutlaatuisia maailmassa. Näiden soiden ekologiaa ja nykyistä tilaa on kuitenkin tutkittu verrattain vähän. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa tietoa aapasoiden nuorten kehitysvaiheiden suojeluarvon ja niiden säilymiseen liittyvien uhkien arviointiin ja selvittää soistumiseen liittyviä syitä sekä kasvillisuuden ekologisten vaihtelusuuntien ilmenemistä hydrologialtaan erilaisissa osissa suoaltaita. Tässä tutkimuksessa esitetään tuloksia nuorten (alle 2000 vuotta), luonnontilaisten aapasoiden määrän arvioinnista ja niiden kasvillisuuskartoituksesta kahdelta laajimmalta yhtenäiseltä aapasoiden sukkessiosarja-alueelta Perämeren rannikolla. Alueista toisen maaperä on moreenivaltainen ja toisen hiekkavaltainen. Tulokset osoittivat, että aapasoiden kehitysvaiheissa on suuri osa lettomaisia ja keskiravinteisia nevoja ja vain hyvin rajallinen määrä rahkasammalten kasvusta eroaa rämeiden sukkession alkuvaiheiden kehityksestä. Aapasoiden sukkessiosarjat ulottuvat koko valuma-alueen soistumiseltaan useiden satojen hehtaarein alueelle. Hydrologialtaan erilaiset valuma-alueen osat kehittyvät yhdessä muodostaen yhden kokonaisuuden. Vedenjakajien tuntumassa primääristä soistumista ilmenee pienien painanteiden ja lampien soistumisena, missä rahkasammalten kasvu painanteiden yli on hyvin nopeaa. Valuma-alueen alajuoksun osissa primääristä soistumista tapahtuu laajoilla märillä luhdilla, jossa veden virtaus on voimakasta. Myöhempi suon kehitys, jossa tapahtuu mm. ympäröivien kangasmetsien soistumista näyttää johtavan aapasuokompleksin muodostumiseen, jossa reunaosat ovat rahkasammalen vallitsemia ja keskusosat rimpipintaisia. Tulokset osoittavat, että nuorten aapasoiden suojelussa olisi olennaista kiinnittää huomiota soistuvien valuma-alueiden hydrologian säilyttämiseen. Valitettavasti hyvin harvat tällaisista valuma-alueista ovat enää nykyisin luonnontilaisia.
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Rehell,
Sakari Rehell, Metsähallitus, luontopalvelut, PL 81, FI-90101, Oulu, Finland. e-mail: sakari.rehell@metsa.fi
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Heikkilä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suon pienmuotojen, veden saatavuuden ja turpeen kertymisen vuorovaikutus pohjoisilla luonnontilaisilla soilla.
English title: Interaction of mire microtopography, water supply, and peat accumulation in boreal mires.
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Studies of mire hydrology and carbon accumulation have shown 1) an exponential increase in the rate of horizontal water movement with increasing height of the water table, and 2) a curvilinear relationship between the water table elevation and carbon accumulation rate, with a single maximum. Equations for these relationships suggest that optimal carbon accumulation will occur where the water table is at moderate depth and the surface has little microtopography. Wet conditions tend to enhance microtopographic relief by differential peat accumulation, while dry conditions tend to reduce relief. For mires with abundant dry microsites, increasing the water supply typically increases the rate of carbon accumulation, but this effect could be transient because microtopographic relief may also increase and have a negative effect on carbon accumulation. The runoff-inhibiting nature of ridge and hollow patterns makes patterned mires especially vulnerable to loss of carbon fixation ability with increasing wetness. While dry periods often cause peat loss in the short term, over the long term their effect may be positive because they hinder the formation of strong microtopography. This helps explain why high peat accumulation rates and some of the world’s most extensive peatlands occur in continental regions with a marginally adequate moisture supply.
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Swanson,
USDA Forest Service, PO Box 907, Baker City, OR 97814 USA
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suomen suosysteemit - erityistarkastelussa aapasuot ja niiden vedenvirtauskuviointi.
English title: Mire systems in Finland - special view to aapa mires and their water-flow pattern.
Avainsanat:
mire classification;
raised bog;
aapa mire;
groundwater;
mire hydrology;
aerial photograph interpretation;
peatland morphology;
slope fen
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An attempt is made in this paper to create two consistent mire typologies, i.e. 1) the Combined Finnish Mire Typology covering all possible mire areas in Finland and 2) the Mire Water Flow Typology for boreal, zonal mire systems, i.e. aapa mires and raised bogs. Furthermore, larger groundwater recharge-discharge patterns concerning mires and the biological significance of morphologic and hydrologic mire classifications are discussed. Zonal mire systems from raised bogs to aapa mires are described as a dominance-based continuum. Local mire systems are subdivided according to factors that impede the formation of mire massifs, which are the essential morphological units of zonal mire systems. Smaller-scale mire units for aapa mires and the acrotelmic flow pattern are presented on the basis of a typical mid-boreal aapa mire system with a raised bog, based on the aerial photograph interpretation. The discussion of the groundwater recharge-discharge pattern and the biological significance of morphologic and hydrologic mire classifications is based on literature.
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Laitinen,
University of Oulu, Department of Biology, Botany, P.O.Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Rehell, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Huttunen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tahvanainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kahden kasvupaikkaluokitusmenetelmän vertailu suon kasvillisuuskartoituksessa.
English title: Comparative application of two vegetation classification approaches to large-scale mapping of bog vegetation.
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This article focuses on geobotanical mapping with special emphasis on mire vegetation.
A brief review of the history of mire mapping in Russia is given. The purpose
of the research reported here is to promote the application of cartographic methods to
phytosociological studies as well as to contribute to further development of methods
for large-scale mapping of mire vegetation. Kudrovsky mire massif (Leningrad region,
NW Russia) was chosen as the study area. Two vegetation maps were prepared on the
basis of different vegetation classifi cation approaches, namely the dominant (ecologicphytocoenotic)
and fl oristic (Braun-Blanquet) methods. The same vegetation relevé
data were classifi ed using both approaches and the resulting classifi cations were used
to construct legends for the maps. The traditions and problems of Russian vegetation
cartography are briefl y discussed.
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Galanina,
Kainuu Regional Environment Centre, Friendship Park Research Centre, Lentiirantie 342, FIN-88900 Kuhmo, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Fosforin ainekierto rämemännikön puustossa ja pintakasvillisuudessa ojituksen jälkeen.
English title: Post-drainage dynamics of P uptake by trees and ground vegetation in Scots pine dominated peatlands.
Avainsanat:
mire;
secondary succession;
ecosystem functioning;
drainage for forestry;
nutrient cycling;
nutrient upatake;
Pinus sylvstris
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We investigated long-term dynamics of phosphorus (P) in ground vegetation, tree stand biomass and litterf all in two undrained and four drained oligotrophic pine fens in southern Finland. The study sites, which encompassed observation periods up to six decades after drainage, were chosen to form a chronosequcncc of sites initially similar floristically, showing different stages of the forest succession induced by drainage. The pattern of P allocation to above- and below-ground plant biomass followed the changes in growth form dominance from mosses, graminoids and shrubs to trees. Overall, net vascular plant uptake of P increased after drainage and remained on a higher level compared to that in the pristine fen. The amount of P in the drained ecosystem seems to remain high enough to support the uptake and continuing forest succession.
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Laiho,
Peatland Ecology Group, Department of Forest Ecology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 Helsinki University, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Penttilä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vasander, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Laine, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kavillisuus puutomana pidetyllä metsäojitusalueella.
English title: Vegetation on an artificially treeless drained mire.
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In this study the vegetation composition of a drained mire that was partly forested and partly kept treeless was compared. The study site was a low sedge fen near the town Oulu in west central Finland. Drainage was carried out in the 1930s. A power transmission line was drawn through the fen in 1956. The area under the line was kept treeless through repeated cleanings. In summer 2004 the vegetation was inventoried on a study area half of which was on the treeless and half on the forested part. The forested and treeless parts were similar with respect to mire site type, depth of peat layer and efficiency of drainage. Therefore the effect of the tree stand on the vegetation on the forested part was obvious. The secondary succession of the vegetation had been significantly slower on the treeless part. Practically no forest moss species, but also fewer Sphagnum moss species were found on the treeless part. On the other hand, a number of sedge-like plants were found only there. With regard to species number and coverage, the largest group was dwarf shrubs, especially on the forested part.
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Silfverberg,
Metsäntutkimuslaitos, Vantaan toimintayksikkö (Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18) PL 18, FIN- 01301 Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Seväkivi, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Arokosteikot: ekologia, esiintyminen ja suojelutilanne Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla ja Kainuussa.
English title: Aro wetlands: ecology, occurrence and conservation in north-central Finland.
Avainsanat:
Nature conservation;
aapa mire;
ecological gradient;
Finnish mire site type system;
groundwater;
mire complex;
peatland morpology;
seasonal drought;
wetland classification
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The present paper introduces and describes a poorly known wetland type – aro wetland – in well permeable mineral soil substratum in Northern Ostrobothnia and Kainuu (between 64° – 66° N lat.). Field observations (linked with the interpretation of aerial photographs) were made in 32 localities, whose conservation status is presented. We define boreal aro wetlands ecologically as a seasonal wetland type of their own which occur on well-drained mineral soil, which are mainly characterised by treeless, mire expanse fen vegetation and in which the peat accumulation is (almost) totally hampered by the vigorous decomposition of the organic matter resulting from an extremely unstable water regime (flood and seasonal drought) and small plant production. Aro wetlands in the western part of the study area occur on sandy substratum (the largest in parts of mire complexes split by ancient raised beach ridges), whereas in the eastern part the aro wetlands known so far are small pond-like depressions in till substratum. Carex lasiocarpa (mostly) dominates the vegetation on sandy substratum. Juncus filiformis and Carex nigra are typical, and Rhynchospora fusca and Molinia caerulea a bit rarer. Sphagnum cover is usually minimal. Considering aro wetlands an extreme case of suo (mire) makes the stability of water regime (stable – unstable) a direction of variation in the traditional Finnish mire site type system, which is based on several ecological gradients.
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Laitinen,
University of Oulu, Department of Biology, Botany, P.O.Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Rehell, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Huttunen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Eurola, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Viljeltyjen turve- ja multamaiden pinta-ala ja alueellinen jakauma Suomessa.
English title: The area and distribution of cultivated organic soils in Finland.
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The area of cultivated organic soils, and their distribution in Finland were estimated.
The estimation was based on the soil classification data collected by three authorised
soil testing laboratories, and the statistics of the arable land area. The data was collected
in a five year period (1998-2002). During this period, over 90% of farms received
environmental EU supplement and had their soils analysed. Therefore, the reliability of
the estimation was now better than it used to be before Finland joined the European
Union. In the Finnish soil classification system, organic soils are divided into two classes
depending on their organic matter content. The area of organic soils with the organic
matter content of ≥40% (m/m) (i.e. peat) was 85000 ha, i.e. 3.8% of the arable area. The
area of organic soils with the organic matter content of 20-39.9% (m/m) and often with
a mineral subsoil, was 214 000 ha i.e. 9.7% of the arable area. Altogether, the area of
these soils was 300 000 ha i.e. 13.6% of the total arable area in Finland.
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Myllys,
Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus MTT, Maaperä ja ympäristö 31600 Jokioinen
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sinkkonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Vegetation patterns in a cut-away peatland in relation to abiotic and biotic factors: a case study from the Sumava Mts., Czech Rebuplic.
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We studied the natural regeneration of a cut-over peat bog in the Sumava Mountains,
Czech Republic. The spontaneous revegetation by vascular plants has been limited by
extreme abiotic conditions left after peat mining. Only 1-2% of the total area was
recolonized by Sphagnum mosses. This was mainly because drainage channels are still
drying out the bog. Only plants tolerant to water stress such as Juncus effusus, Molinia
caerulea, Eriophorum angustifolium and E. vaginatum were able to establish there. A
key species colonizing bare surface is a clonal plant E. angustifolium. It forms circular
polycormons of densely aggregated ramets. As in other radially spreading phalanx plants,
the oldest (central) part of the system gradually dies, previously connected ramets become
separated, and ring polycormon becomes open to recolonization by other plant
species. We analyzed the relationships between species richness of the ring and their
size, percentage litter cover, distance to seed sources, and soil fertility. The number of
plant species was higher in the middle of the polycormons. The soil was more fertile in
the central area than in the surroundings. We conclude that the restoration of highly
disturbed habitats can be facilitated by clonal behavior of pioneer populations.
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Lanta,
Faculty of Bilogical Sciences, University of South bohemia, Branisovska 31, CZ-370 05 Ceske Budejovice, CzechRebuplic
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Doležal, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Samata, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Jatkolannoitusten vaikutus männyn (Pinus sylvestris L.) tilavuuskasvuun ja neulasten ravinnepitoisuuksiin ojitetulla rämeellä.
English title: The effect of repeated fertilizations on volume growth and needle nutrient concentrations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on a drained pine mire.
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The nutritional status of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands growing on a nitrogen-rich,
drained pine mire in western Finland was studied after refertilization using needle
analysis and the response of stand volume growth. The main aim was to find out if K-refertilization
alone could maintain or increase the volume growth without causing a
nutrient imbalance between K and P. The initial fertilization was carried out in 1961 -
62 using PK fertilizer and refertilized in 1976 and 1989 with different combinations of
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and boron (B). Needle samples were taken
and the tree stands were measured in 1996 and 2001. Peat samples were taken in 2002.
According to the needle analysis results, the concentration of P was above the deficiency
level in all the treatments in 1995 and 2000. There was a clear shortage of K in
the needles collected from the control treatment, but the concentration of K was still
adequate 12 years after the latest K refertilization. The volume growth of the stands
clearly responded to the 1976 refertilization with K alone, which was probably due to
the fact that trees had been suffering from K deficiency before the first refertilization
and 14-15 years thereafter. After the second refertilization, the combination of K and P
increased the annual volume growth more than refertilization with K alone. This indicates
that about 25 years after the initial fertilization, there was already some shortage
of P. The highest stand volume was associated with the combined K (1976) and PK
(1989) refertilization treatment. Refertilization with N did not increase stand volumes
during the study period.
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Rautjärvi,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Centre, Box 68, FIN-80101 Joensuu
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kaunisto, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tolonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Nursing plants in peatland restoration: on their potential use to alleviate frost heaving problems.
Avainsanat:
Sphagnum;
revegetation;
regeneration;
rehabilitation;
colonisation;
degraded mire;
peat erosion
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Peatland restoration measures usually require the rewetting of the disturbed ecosystem. In northern latitudes, the increase in wetness of the bare peat substrate causes frost heaving. In this paper, we described the problem of frost heaving in cutover peatlands and an array of means whereby it can be diminished. Several avenues of research should be pursued with the use of nursing plants to reduce frost heaving and promote Sphagnum establishment and growth. For large scale restoration of peatland ecosystems, Polytrichum strictum appears to be a good potential nursing plant to Sphagnum. However the importance of competition between polytric and Sphagnum is unknown and we do not know under which conditions the association is beneficial or not.
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Groeneveld,
Groupe Recherche en Écologie des Tourbières and Centre d'Études Nordiques, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Rochefort, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kuusen neulasanalyyttinen kaliumravitsemuksen arviointi eri vuodenaikoina.
English title: Estimating potassium nutrition of Norway spruce with needle analysis during different seasons.
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The aims of this study were 1) to get a better background for estimating limit values of potassium nutrition for Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and 2) to find out if the needle potassium nutrition during dormancy could be estimated by analysing needles collected before the dormant period. Five groups of trees with different nutritional backgrounds were selected. One was on a shallow-peat (5–30 cm) mineral soil slope and four on a deep-peat site next to it. Needles were collected four times during the autumn months and twice during dormancy. The needle K concentration of a severe potassium deficiency limit indicated by the exponential accumulation of putrescine, was about 4.5 mg g–1. However, trees suffered from potassium shortage already at the potassium concentrations of about 5 mg g–1. The needle potassium concentrations during the autumn months from late August to early October were in very close correlation with the concentration during dormancy, y = 0.869x – 0.208 (r2 = 0.92), where y is the potassium concentration in the winter months and x that during the autumn months.
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Kaunisto,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, Kaironiementie 54, 39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sarjala, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Latvian suot.
English title: Mires in Latvia.
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Both minerotrophic (fens and transitional mires) and ombrotrophic (raised bogs) mires
occur in Latvia. Distribution of mires and diversity of mire vegetation are determined
by geology of area, origin of mires and climatic differences between coastal and continental
parts of Latvia. Fens started to develop in the early Holocene in the Preboreal
10 000 years BP. Later, during the Atlantic many fens transformed into transitional
mires and gradually into raised bogs. Today Latvian mires are represented by all these
types and they cover 4.9% of the country. Mires are protected in the North Vidzeme
Biosphere Reserve, National Parks (Slitere, Kemeri and Gauja), Strict Nature Reserves
(TeiEi, Krustkalni and Gripi), Nature parks and 140 nature reserves, as well as in protected
landscape areas.
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Pakalne,
Department of Botany and Ecology, university of Latvia, Kronvalda Boulevard 4, LV-1586, Riga, Latvia
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kalnina, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
A model of organic matter accumulation in a developing fen/raised bog complex.
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A mechanistic simulation model of organic matter accumulation for a developing fen/ raised bog complex in Ireland is presented.Parameter/variable values have been prima rily drawn from the published literature.The development of the theoretical considera tions of fen peat as a substratum to a raised bog is evaluated using the model.Terrestri alization is the pathway of hydroseral succession.The conceptual model treats peat growth as the accumulation of a series of parcels comprising both a labile and a non- labile component.The fen phase of the model uses a discrete description of organic matter accumulation while the raised bog phase uses a continuous description.Both phases use a constant decay rate.The model integrates changes in net primary produc tivity and aerobic decay to simulate four climatic periods.The model generates outputs for peat depth and mass with time and profiles of bulk density with depth.Results over a simulated period of 10 000 years demonstrate how changes in surface net primary productivity and aerobic decay can change the rate of peat accumulation in the develop ing fen/raised bog complex.Sensitivity analysis showed that the most important pa rameters influencing simulated depth and mass were the labile fraction in organic mat ter (raised bog)followed by net primary productivity (raised bog).The potential sig nificance of underlying fen peat as a proportion of the total depth and mass of a devel oping fen/raised bog complex was evaluated and shown to be substantially diminished after 5 000 years.It was established that the model predictions corresponded well with data for Irish Midland bogs and given suitable adjustment of values, could potentially simulate Fennoscandian conditions as well.
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Gilmer,
Department of Agricultural & Food Engineering (Peat Technology Centre), University College Dublin, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Holden, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ward, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Brereton, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Farrell, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Karttoja suo-ojitusten vaikutuksesta Suomen ilmastoon.
English title: Charts of the climatic impact of the drainage of mires in Finland.
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Widespread drainage measures, which were carried out mainly in the period 1950-
1990 on Finnish mires, have had significant climatic consequences, part of them being
temporary, part permanent. The aim of this study was to prepare charts of these climatic
effects by combining three sources of knowledge: (I) the climatic effect of drainage (e, °C),
as given by (Solantie 1994, 1998) for a 100% mire area in the climatically most affecting
stage, (2) fresh grid-square statistics of the proportion of drained mires compared
with the total area, and (3) annual statistics of the proportion of drained mires in various
stages having characteristic climatic effects, compiled by the Finnish Forest Research
Institute. Three charts show the maximum cooling effect of peatland drainage in Finland
during the first 15 years after the drainage in the period 1973-1982, as drained
mires in such a stage of drainage were then most common. Two charts show the warming
effect after successful afforestation and canopy closure; the canopy acts as a radiation
shelter and a mixing generator for the air beneath. In the middle boreal natural
zone, that most heavily drained, the mean monthly minimum temperatures in the period
1973-1982 were reduced by 1.5°C and the yearly frost-free period was shortened by 17
days. As a result of successful afforestation, the annual minimum temperature in the
middle boreal zone will be raised by 2°C to 3°C by the year 2005.
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Solantie,
The Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FIN-00101 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kasvillisuuden sukkessio ja monimuotoisuus Teuravuoman koeojitusalueella Pohjois-Suomessa.
English title: Vegetation succession and diversity on Teuravuoma experimental drainage area in northern Finland.
Avainsanat:
fen;
aapa mire;
compositional gradients;
FUPGMA classification;
GNMDS ordination;
peatland vegetation
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This case study deals with the effects of forest drainage on six mire site types represented by 33 permanent sample plots within a Finnish aapa mire complex located in north boreal vegetation zone. We analysed the main compositional gradients, the abundances of plant species and the diversity of vegetation. The vegetation descriptions were made about at the time of drainage in 1933 and after that in 1943, 1950 and 1994. The forest drainage emphasized the importance of spruce mire and hummock-level bog influences (mire margin and mire expanse effects respectively) in controlling the structure of plant communities. The change of plant community was greatest on fertile mire site types, also spruce mire influence promoted the secondary succession. As expected, the shallow-rooted and/or demanding flark-level vascular plants and (eutrophic) fen mosses had not been able to adapt to the ground water level drawdown. At first, after drainage, species number, Shannon's H' and Simpson's D increased: many mire species of hummock and intermediate level microsites had increased while also pioneer and forest species had colonized the plots. By 1994, however, as the mire species were decreasing these measures had turned to decline except on the (most) infertile site types. Pielou's J' and the evenness based on D reacted vaguely, decreasing a little, though, from 1933 to 1994. Thus, in such cases the dominance in the vegetation had increased. The beta-diversity describing here the differences between plant communities (or site types) decreased along with the hydrological conditions becoming more uniform after drainage.
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Hotanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Station, P.O.Box 68, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Nousiainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Paalamo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Karjalan tasavallan Vodlajärven kansallispuistossa sijaitsevan Lishkansuon kasvillisuus.
English title: Vegetation of Lishkmokh mire in Vodlozersky National Park, eastern Karelian republic, Russia.
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The article presents the results of Finnish-Karelian co-operation in mire conservation research with the aim to study the diversity of mires in Finland and Russian Karelia on a uniform basis. The classification of mires in Finnish and Karelian schools of vegetation science has been compared. The vegetation of Lishkmokh mire has been studied using aerial photographs and field surveys. The area consists of ombrotrophic bog complexes as well as aapamires, all in a totally virgin state. As a result of the surveys, two maps of vegetation have been compiled. Results of vegetation analyses in releves have been presented in the form of tables and DCA ordination. According to the Finnish mire classification, 32 mire site types have been distinguished, which is a high number in an area of c. 2000 ha. On the basis of the high diversity of site types, and the occurrence of some rare plant species, e.g. Juncus stygius, Drepanocladus vernicosus and Meesia triquetra as well as some eastern species like Rubus humulifolius and Polygonum bistorta, the conservation value of Lishkmokh mire can be considered as very high.
Key words: Karelia, mire classification, mire conservation, mire vegetation
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Antipin,
Karelian Research Centre, Biological Institute, Laboratory of mire ecosystems, Pushkinskaya 11, RUS-185610 Petrozavodsk, Karelia, Russia
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Heikkilä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Lindholm, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tokarev, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Metsitettyjen turvepeltojen ja viereisten suometsien ravinnemäärät.
English title: Nutrient amounts of afforested peat fields and neighbouring peatland forests.
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Chemical and physical characteristics of afforested peat fields were compared with those of neighbouring peatland forests, i.e. naturally forested peatland sites drained to improve forest growth. Six study sites were selected with such sites located alongside an afforested peat field. On three of the fields, mineral soil had been added during cultivation as a soil amelioration agent. Most of the fields had been cultivated for 15–20 years before afforestation. Volumetric soil samples were taken and analysed for their total and ammonium acetate extractable nutrient concentrations (P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Zn). Kjeldahl N and B in H3PO4–H2SO4 were also analysed. The soil layers 0–20 cm (the field cultivation depth) and 20–40 cm were compared. The physical and chemical characteristics of the top soil in peat fields and neighbouring forests differed in many respects even after 25 years had passed since their afforestation. Bulk density, ash content and pH of the peat were higher in the cultivation layer of the fields than in the corresponding layer in peatland forests. In cases where mineral soil had been added to the peat fields, the amounts of P, K, Ca, Mn and Zn were higher in the 0–20 cm soil layer whereas the amounts of N and B did not significantly differ from those in the soils of peatland forests. The differences in the amounts of extractable nutrients between the field soils and forests soils were smaller; Ca and (when mineral soil had been added) also Fe and Zn concentrations were higher in the peat field soils than in the soils of peatland forests.
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Hytönen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, P.O.Box 44, FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Wall, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Pohjois-Suomen murteiden suosanastosta.
English title: Mire words in the dialects of northern Finland.
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Nineteen words, describing different types of mires and morphological and topographical features in mires, used in the dialects of northern Finlad are described in this article. Several of these words have been adopted from the indigenous Sami people, who live in the northernmost part of Finland, Sweden and Norway. Best known of these Sami words are aapa and palsa, which are internationally used mire terms.
Key words: dialect, loan words, mire words, North-Finland, Sami language
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Aapala,
Research Institute for the Languages of Finland, Sörnäisten rantatie 25, FIN-00500 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Aapala, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Emäksisen tuhkalaskeuman vaikutus rahkasammaliin Niinsaarensuolla Koillis-Virossa.
English title: The effects of alkaline fly ash precipitation on the Sphagnum mosses in Niinsaare bog, NE Estonia.
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In north-east Estonia the precipitation of calcium-rich strongly alkaline fly ash from thermal power stations has caused significant changes in the local ombrotrophic mires. Sphagnum mosses disappeared from Niinsaare bog during the 1970s in the period of the highest air pollution. Their disappearance was probably caused mainly by the combination of high pH values and an increased concentration of calcium in the bog water. In Niinsaare bog, the present mean pH value of bog water is 5.3 ± 0.6 and the mean calcium concentration 11.6 ± 1.6 mg l-1, compared with 3.7 ± 0.4 and 1.9 ± 0.2 mg l-1 in the uncontaminated Nigula bog respectively. During the last decade, following the reduction of fly ash emission, the Sphagnum mosses started to reappear in Niinsaare bog. Nine Sphagnum patches dominated mainly by S. angustifolium, S. fallax and S. magellanicum were studied from June 1991 to September 1995. During one year, the distance between the centre and edges of these patches increased on an average by 5.1 ± 2.7 cm and the area by 29 ± 21.5 %. This indicates that the degeneration of Sphagna in NE Estonian bogs is not yet irreversible and, by reducing the air pollution in long term, the restoration of Sphagnum carpet is possible.
Key words: atmospheric pollution, degeneration and recurrence of Sphagna, ombrotrophic mire.
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Karofeld,
Institute of Ecology, Kevade Str. 2, EE0001 Tallinn, Estonia
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lannoituksen vaikutus kuusikoiden kasvuun ja ravinnetilaan ojitetuilla turvemailla Pohjois-Suomessa.
English title: Effects of fertilization on tree growt and nutrient status of Norway spruce stands on drained peatlands in northern Finland.
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Abstract: The stand-level responses to fertilization and refertilization were studied in seven factorial field experiments established in 1974-1976. The factors were nitrogen fertilization (N) and phosphorus-potassium fertilization (PK). The factorial treatments were applied at two levels: (i) control and (ii) fertilized with a dosage following the currently used Finnish forest fertilization guide-lines. The spruce-dominated stands were selected from areas drained according to normal forestry practises between 1932 and 1969. The sites covered fairly well the trophic variation that occurs on spruce-dominated peatlands in the mid-boreal zone in Finland. Tree growth was monitored during two periods of five to seven years. The second period followed the refertilization in 1985. At the end of the second period, one-year-old sun-exposed needles were sampled from the four southernmost stands for nutrient analyses. The effects of fertilization on tree growth were generally fairly weak and insignificant, especially during the first study period. After refertilization, the effect of N was positive in three stands on mesotrophic sites. The foliar nutrient analyses of unfertilized spruces showed low concentrations of N, P and Cu. PK-fertilization increased foliar P concentrations and, in some cases, also K concentrations. Since the PK-fertilizer included some borate, it also increased foliar B concentrations. N-fertilization did not affect foliar N, P or K concentrations but it decreased foliar concentrations of Ca, Zn, and B in some cases. Both the growth responses and the foliar nutrient analyses indicated that nitrogen was the most deficient macro-nutrient.
Key words: foliar nutrients, growth responses, mires, nitrogen, phosphorus, Picea abies, potassium
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Moilanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station, Kirkkosaarentie, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Penttilä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kuusamon suokasvillisuus ja ojitustilanne.
English title: Mire site types and peatland drainage in Kuusamo, northern Finland.
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The percentage distribution of mire site types on 49 random sample plots (1/4 km2) was studied in 1989. The line transect method was used, the total mire transect line on the sample plots being 100,6 km. The eight most common mire site types include different pine bog types (hummock level bogs/pine mires) and fens. Both poor fens and rich fens are more common in Kuusamo than in the Pohjanmaa aapa mires (southern aapa mires), the former ones taking 29% and the latter ones 8% of all mires. The percentage of spruce mires (6% ) is no more than a half of their percentage in the Pohjanmaa aapa mires. 32% of the peatlands studied were under the influence of drainage, mainly with open ditch networks for forestry. 16% of those were classified as recently drained, 73% as transitional, 5% as drained peatland forests and 6% as being influenced by drainage in the vicinity. Open fens and thick peated mire types have been drained to a lesser extent than forested mires and sites with mire margin effect. However, as only few mire site types are suitable for forestry in northern Finland, the risk of unprofitable drainage is high. Mire site types considered unsuitable for forestry even in the more favourable conditions of southern Finland take about 35% of the drained mires.
Keywords: Aapa mire area, draining for forestry, field survey, mire vegetation, Peräpohjola
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Paasovaara,
Keskuskoulu B 7, FIN-86710 Kärsämäki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Factors affecting methane production in peat soils.
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Two main factors control the rates of methane production in peat (in senso microbial formation of methane): the water table level and the chemical characteristics of the peat material. The water table restricts oxygen penetration into the peat because of the much slower diffusion of gases in water compared to gaseous phases. The oxygen distribution will govern the location of the strictly anaerobic, methanogenic bacteria in the peat profile. The degree of waterlogging will also influence the availability of the peat plant material for microbial decomposition, when it reaches the anaerobic zone. In waterlogged environments, the surface litter will quickly enter anoxic conditions. In such environments, high methane formation potentials are often found in the uppermost peat layers. Where the water table is positioned further down in the peat profile, a higher proportion of the easily degradable compounds are degraded under oxic conditions and therefore gone by the time the litter enters the anoxic layers. Lignified organic matter reaching the anaerobic zone will be little further degraded. This effect is most likely to be compounded if the nitrogen content of the litter is low. The net flux of methane from peat surfaces is highly dependent on the extent of microbial methane oxidation in the peat profile. Methane oxidizing bacteria need oxygen for the primary oxidation of methane and for their oxygen dependent respiration. The oxygen distribution, and hence the water table position, will therefore also affect the activity of the methanotrophic bacteria. Typically, highest methane oxidation activity is found around the most frequent position of the water table. At this level, high concentrations of methane meet oxygen diffusing down from the peat surface. Methane oxidation potentials in peat have been observed to correlate with the level of the water table, the concentration of methane just below this level, and in some sub-habitats, with the emissions of methane. Field studies have also shown that comparatively dry environments with fluctuating water table levels may act as sinks as well as sources for atmospheric methane. Some habitats show diurnal rhythms, with higher emissions during night. This is probably due to temperature limitation of the methanotrophic bacteria during the night.
Keywords: Carbon flow, methanogenic bacteria, methanotrophic bacteria, mire ecology
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Svensson,
Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sundh, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Esimerkki pseudolajien runsauskynnysten muuntelun vaikutuksesta TWINSPAN-Iuokittelussa.
English title: The effect of pseudospecies cut level settings on the results of TWINSPAN classification.
Avainsanat:
drained peatlands;
mire classification;
vegetation;
mire site type;
multivariate analysis
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TWINSPAN classifications of the same drained mire vegetation data using four different pseudospecies cut level scales were compared. The material consisted of 96 sample plots located on drained spruce and pine mires in eastern Finland. The pseudospecies cut level scales were the octave scale (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64%), a coarse scale (0, 5, 10, 20 and 50%), TWINSPAN default settings (0, 2, 5, 10 and 20%), and presence/absence. The classificatons were quite similar at the first division but they differed markedly from each other at the final third division showing that the choice of cut levels has an important effect on TWIN-SPAN results. The sample plots in one TWINSPAN cluster defined with set of cut levels were allocated to several clusters defined with other cut level settings. The presence/absence setting resulted in a classification which was the most different from the classification made using the default settings. The TWINSPAN classifications performed using the default and octave scale settings corresponded the best with the field classification of the plots and were ecologically the most interpretable.
Keywords: Drained peatlands, mire classification, mire site type, multivariate analysis, vegetation
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Hotanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Station, P.O. Box 68, SF-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turvesaannon arviointi suotyypin ja turpeen syvyyden perusteella.
English title: Estimation of peat yield of different peat deposit types.
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Preliminary regression models are produced for the estimation of dry peat yield (tons) per unit area (hectare) for different types of peat deposits with different peat thickness. The models are based on 6 500 peat samples obtained for bulk density measurements from 245 vertical peat profiles (70 virgin and drained peadands) in Finland. In general, the increase in the peat yield does not take place in 1:1 relationship with depth because average bulk density tends to decrease with peat deposit thickness. Fairly reliable estimates of the peat yield using depth and mire site type were obtained. R2 values for the eight models representing eight different groups of "mire site types" ranged from 86.0 to 95.3%.
Keywords: Bulk density, mire site types, peat deposits, peat resources
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Tolonen,
Department of Biology, University ofJoensuu, P.O. Box 111,SF-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ijäs, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suoekosysteemin toiminnallinen ryhmitys.
English title: The functional grouping of mire ecosystems and their response to drainage.
Avainsanat:
mire classification;
mire site types
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The results of inventories of drained peatlands have occasioned criticism of profitless drainage. For the better understanding of the mire ecosystem a functional and structural division of mires is presented. This is based on the nutrient cycle, the mire margin — mire expanse-effect, the carbon balance and the community structure of mire sites. The suitability for drainage is discussed on the basis of the ecology. A suggestion is made for further treatment of drained mire complexes.
Keywords: Mire classification, mire site types
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Eurola,
Department of Botany, Oulu University, SF-90570 Oulu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Huttunen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soiden hyödyntämisen historiasta Euroopassa, erityisesti Saksassa.
English title: History of the utilization of peatlands in Europe with special reference to Germany.
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From pre-christian times peatland-use and attitudes towards peatlands in Germany have changed to a great extent. Agricultural use of the inhospitable peat bog terrain only developed after the fertile soil regions had been conquered in the so-called struggle for food production. Use for fuel production never reached the amount of peatland used for agriculture, and with the use of peat as a horticultural ameliorator at the beginning of this century, only a small portion of the peat area has been touched and is not larger than the area under nature conservation. With these changes, attitudes about the associated environmental impact have shifted enormously at the same time.
Key words: Agriculture, historical review, horticulture, mire utilization
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Lüttig,
Chair of Applied Geology, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Schloßgarten 5, D-8520 Erlangen, BRD
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soiden vyöhykejaon kehittyminen 1950-luvulla.
English title: Abstract: The concept of regionality in Finnish peatlands: a historical perspective up to the 1950s.
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The first regional division of Finnish peatlands was purposed by A.K. Cajander in the beginning of the century. It was based on vegetation, mire morphology, and landscape topography. The division was, however, difficult to compare with forest vegetation regions. As a result Prof. Aarno Kalela, in the 1950s, organized a study concerning the regionality of peat-land vegetation; the field work for which was performed by the authors as students. In this new division mire complex types and their regions were determined on the basis of vegetation but named according to mire morphology. The ecological approach to Finnish mire types also made it easier to compare them with peatland vegetation world-wide.
Keywords: Historical review, mire complex types, Finland
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Eurola,
Department of Botany, University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, SF-90570 Oulu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ruuhijärvi, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Metsien uudistaminen vanhoilla ojitusalueilla.
English title: Forest regeneration in old forest drainage areas.
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There are 150 000 hectares of mature stands and about 270 000 hectares of low-yielding stands in forest drainage areas in Finland. Most of them are on transforming or transformed peatlands. Conditions of these areas for forest regeneration differ from those of virgin and newly ditched peat-lands. The paper presents a review of studies in forest regeneration in old drainage areas. Also the needs for further research is discussed.
Keywords: Drainage, regeneration, transformed mires
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Saarinen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, SF-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Korpirämeet ja karut korvet suomalaisissa suoluokitusjärjestelmissä.
English title: The place of spruce-pine mires and oligotrophic spruce mires in Finnish peatland site type classifications.
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In Finland three different mire classification systems can be distinguished: 1) those for ecological purposes based on detailed botanical surveys, 2) those for scientific forestry research purposes, and 3) more extensive systems for practical forestry purposes. All systems are based upon Cajan-der's site-type principle whereby habitats which are ecologically similar are considered to support a similar vegetation. The classification (site type names, analogy/correspondence, nutrient status level) of spruce-pine mires and oligotrophic spruce mires according to the above-mentioned systems is compared. Some criticism concerning especially the confusing naming of the same type is presented. The varying post-drainage suc-cession in these site type groups is also discussed. Finally an attempt to distinguish the more oligotrophic spruce-pine mires from the less oligotrophic ones is made.
Keywords: Drainage, mire classification, site type, succession, trophy
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Hotanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Station, P.O. Box 68, SF-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Rämemäntyalkuperien kehityksestä kangasmaalla.
English title: Development of mire originated Scots pine on mineral soil.
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Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) transplants (2+1+1 or 1+2 years old), the seeds of which had been collected from mire pines in different localities of South Finland, were planted in the early 1930s in a sandy Vaccinium site type at Tuusula (60°22´ N; 25°00´ E), north of Helsinki. The sample plots have been measured several times. At the time of the latest inventory the stands were about 50 years old. The stand development (standing volume, volume increment, dominant height, stem form) has been compared with the local mineral soil stands. The results show that seeds originated from mire pines produce offspring with form and growth (phenotypes) similar to those of pines originating from mineral soil.
Keywords: Hereditary, mire, Scots pine, stand development, stem form, peatland
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Päivänen,
Department of Peatland Forestry, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 40B, SF-00170 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Espoon keidassoiden luonteesta ja kehityksestä — esimerkkinä Nupurilan Kotasuo.
English title: On the character and development of the raised bogs in Espoo, Southern Finland — exemplified by the Kotasuo bog.
Avainsanat:
mire types;
Cladoceran stratigraphy;
mire evolution;
mire stratigraphy;
terrestrialization
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Present character and natural history of 13 raised bogs in Espoo, S. Finland were studied by means of morphological, ecological and palaeo-eco-logical methods including 11 radiocarbon datings. Special attention was paid to the hydroseral development of Kotasuo bog by using plant and Cladoceran remains in the interpretation of ancient lake basins terrestriali-zation. The bogs were divided into three morphological groups according to their gross morphological (Grossform) features. The main type of mire formation was showed to be terrestrialization. Filling-in of the ancient lake basins was most common during the late boreal and early subboreal periods. The first mire type in Kotasuo was floristically rich, luxurious Phrag-mites-Typha-Carex fen.
Keywords: Cladoceran stratigraphy, mire evolution, mire stratigraphy, mire types, terrestrialization
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Korhola,
Department of Geography, University of Helsinki, Hallituskatu 11, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Metsäojitettujen soiden kasvupaikkaluokituksen suunnanhakua.
English title: The need of improving the site classification of mires drained for forestry.
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A review of the historical development of mire site classification in Finland with special emphasis on the studies and theories of post-drainage succession is made. Some criticism of the prevailing classification system is presented and a work model for guiding further study of drained mire classification is proposed. Preliminary results of a new approach to classify the vegetation of old peatland forests using TWINSPAN classification and DCA ordination techniques are presented.
Keywords: Drainage, mire classification, site type, succession
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Reinikainen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Department of Peatland Forestry, P.O. Box 18, SF-01301 Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ojituksen vaikutuksesta soiden kenttäkerroksen kasvilajeihin.
English title: Changes in the ground vegetation of drained mires.
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The aim of this research was to study how some species of mire plants with differing ecological characteristics react to environmental changes caused by drainage. The data has been collected from 254 sample plots, each 1 km2 in area, in the southern and middle part (60-66°N) of Finland during the years 1984-1986. The occurrence of each species was studied both in virgin and in drained peatlands, and the note about mire type and drainage succession stage were recorded. For cloudberry (Rubus chamae-morus), the abundance of vegetation and berries were also indicated. There is a clear decline in the appearance of sedge plants as the succession, caused by ditching proceeds. Of herbs, Athyrium filix-femina and Cirsium palustre, become more common after drainage, but the flark level species, Drosera anglica and Lysimachia thyrsiflora disappear. As the drainage proceeds there is a clear decline in the vegetation and berry production of cloudberry. On the most effectively drained peatlands, more than half of the observations of cloudberry vegetation and all the observations of berry produce, indicated scanty growth and crop. The most abundant vegetation and yield of berries occurred in virgin peatlands.
Keywords: Drained mires, ground vegetation change, Rubus chamae-morus, succession
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Aapala,
University of Oulu, Department of Botany, Linnanmaa, SF-90570 Oulu
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kokko, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ojitustilanne Etelä- ja Keski-Suomen sekä Pohjanmaa-Kainuun alueella.
English title: A survey of peat-land drainage activity in southern and central Finland.
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The results of a survey of 254 random sample plots, each 1 km2 in area and covering 1 543 km of mire transect line are reported. 74% of the peat-land encountered were drained with open ditch networks for forestry purposes. Of those 19% were classified as recently drained, 66% as transitional, 10% as transformed peat-moor peatlands, and 5% as being under the influence of nearby drainage. Drainage activity had been most often carried out on spruce mires, pine bogs, combination types, and rich fens and to a lesser extent on poor fens/bog hollows. The nutrient status and peat thickness had been taken into account only to a limited extent although ombrotrophic peatlands had been drained to a lesser extent than rich peatlands. There was an increasing tendency to extend drainage activities to thick, ombrotrophic mire types. 17% of peatland under the influence of drainage (750 000 ha) are unsuitable for forestry purposes. Considered within each unsuitable mire type more than 50% of their area is drained.
Keywords: Drainage, Finland, mire types, peatland
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Eurola,
Department of Botany, University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, SF-90570 Oulu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Aapala, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kokko, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Metsäojitettujen turvemaiden ravinnevaroista ja niiden riittävyydestä.
English title: On nutrient amounts and their sufficiency for wood production on drained peatlands.
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Generally in peat soils but especially in the old forest drainage areas the amount of potassium is low compared with that of nitrogen (ab. 1:100) and phosphorus (ab. 1:4). However, the amount of potassium fixed in tree biomass is about four times the amount of phosphorus. When estimating the future sufficiency of potassium for wood production in old drainage areas after one rotation (drainage 75 years earlier), it seems that on nitrogen-rich deep-peat pine mires potassium stores become exhausted during the second rotation after drainage if potassium is not applied.
Key words: Fertilization, peat nutrient stores, potassium, transformed mires
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Kaunisto,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, SF-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Havaintoja rahkasammallajeista ja niiden suhteista kasvillisuuteen ja ympäristötekijöihin Bromarvin Östanberg Stormossenilla.
English title: Observations on Sphagnum species and their relation to vegetation and ecological factors in Östanberg Stormossen, southern Finland.
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The relations between Sphagnum species, vegetation, and the macrotopographical and microtopographical environmental gradients of a plateau bog located on the southern coast of Finland were studied. A profile was levelled from the mire margin to the mire centre and 16 sample plots were located along the profile. The vegetation of each sample plot was described using coverage percentages. The mire water level, pH, and specific conductivity were measured for each plot. Samples of the capitula of different species of Sphagnum were taken and they were measured for water content. Hummock surfaces were predominant in the mire centre. The hollows were relatively dry ombrotrophic small sedge bogs. The mire margin fen was mostly mesotrophic. In the northern part of the mire there was also a eutrophic flark fen. In the mire centre the pH was 4 or less and the specific conductivity ranged from 10 to 25 µS/cm. In the mire margin fen the pH ranged from 4.7 to 5.7 and the specific conductivity was c. 50 µS/cm. The water content of the capitula of the Sphagna was in general high, ranging from 300 to 3000 %. In the hollows of the mire centre the water content of Sphagnum tenellum was as low as 15 %.
Key words: mire vegetation, ecology, plateau bog, water content, Sphagnum.
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Heikkilä,
Department of Geography, University of Helsinki, Hallituskatu 11, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Löytönen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Rahkasammalten pieneläimistö kahdella Ranskan Keskiylängölla sijaitsevalla suolla.
English title: Sphagnum microfauna in two peat-bogs of the French Massif Central.
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The composition and the seasonal fluctuations of the Sphagnum microfauna in two peat-bogs of the Puy-de-Dôme (France) are described and the author attempts to show the importance of the dominant groups in the functioning of the peat-bog ecosystem.
Key words: peat-bog, mire ecosystem, microfauna, French Massif Central
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Francez,
Station Biologique de Besse-en-Chandesse, B.R 45, F-63J70 Aubiére, France
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Putkilokasvien esiintyminen soidensuojeluohjelmassa esitetyillä alueilla Etelä- ja Keski-Suomessa.
English title: Vascular plant species in planned mire conservation areas in southern and central Finland.
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The occurrence of the threatened and endangered vascular mire plant species was inventoried in the mire conservation areas in Finland. The survey was based on 246 sample plots (0.5 km × 0.5 km) randomly chosen in the Finnish mire conservation areas planned in 1981 in southern and central Finland. In the inventory, 243 vascular plant species and 2 hybrids were found in bog mires and 249 species and 10 hybrids were found in the southern aapa mires. The majority of the found mire plant species commonly occur on mires in Finland. In this survey, out of 18 threatened primary mire vascular plant species occurring in Finland, only three species (Carex heleonastes L. f., Dactylorhiza incarnata ssp. cruenta (O. F. Mull.) P. D. Sell, D. cruenta (O. F. Mull.) Verm, Orchis cruenta (O. F. Mull.) and Dactylorhiza traunsteineri) (Saut. ex Rchb.) Soo´, Orchis traunsteineri Saut. ex Rchb., Dactylorchis traunsteineri (Saut. ex Rchb.) Verm.; incl. Dactylorhiza curvifolia (F. Nyl.) Czerep.; incl. D russowii (Klinge) Holub and only one so called secondary mire plant species (Carex paniculata L.) were found in the sample plots. The found species occurred only on six mire conservation areas. Compared to the size of the material, the percentage of findings of threatened vascular plant species was remarkably low. It can be concluded that the complementary programs of the mire conservation in Finland have been important to protect the threatened vascular mire plants.
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Hanhela,
Oulu University of Applied Sciences, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Metsäkouluntie, FI-90650 Oulu
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
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