Artikkelit jotka sisältää sanan 'pH'
Suomen aapasuoalueen välipintakoivulettojen, Warnstorfii-lettojen ja lettokorpien analyysi: lajistogradientit, tyyppivariantit ja makrotopografia.
English title: Analysis of drier rich Betula pubescens fens, rich Sphagnum warnstorfii fens and rich Picea abies mires in the aapa mire area of Finland: compositional gradients, type variants and macro-topography.
Original keywords:
habitaattityypit;
korpisuus;
lähteisyys;
Saxifrago-Tomentypnion;
Sphagno warnstorfii-Tomentypnion;
suotyypit
English keywords:
mire site types;
groundwater influence;
habitat types;
Saxifrago-Tomentypnion;
Sphagno warnstorfii-Tomentypnion;
species composition of Picea abies mires
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Letot ovat Suomen uhanalaisinta suokasvillisuutta. Niiden luokittelu botaanisiin suotyyppeihin, uhanalaisuusarvioineissa käytettyihin habitaattityyppeihin ja mannertason levinneisyysarvioissa käytettyihin Braun-Blanquet tyyppeihin on tärkeää, jotta erilaisten lettojen uhanalaisuusaste ja suojelutarve osataan arvioida. Pääosa letoista on ruskosammalvaltaisia. Lettojen luokittelu suotyypeiksi muutaman valtasammalen mukaan on paljolti jopa nevojen luokittelua selkeämpi. Sen sijaan rahkasammalvaltaisen, Sphagnum warnstorfii-rikkaan lettokasvillisuuden suomalainen luokittelu – Warnsorfii-letot, lähdeletot, välipintakoivuletot ja lisäksi runsaspuustoisemmat lettokorvet – perustuu vain pieniin lajistollisiin eroihin ja muodostaa siten epävarmuustekijän luokittelussa. Testasimme Ruuhijärven (1960) klassisesta kasvillisuusaineistosta Peräpohjolan ja Pohjanmaan aapasuoalueen ´kuivempien koivulettojen´, Warnstorfii-lettojen ja lettokorpien luokittelua klusterianalyysin avulla. Ordinaation avulla tarkastelimme aineiston päävaihtelusuuntia sekä vertasimme klustereiden sijoittumista suhteessa alkuperäisiin suotyyppeihin. Klusterit nimesimme indikaattorilajianalyysista saatujen tunnusomaisimpien lajien avulla. Käytimme ensin kolmen klusterin optiota suotyyppien määrän mukaan, mutta klusterit eivät rinnastuneet suotyyppeihin. Suotyyppitulkinnan kannalta seuraavan jakotason alaklusterit osoittautuivatkin hedelmällisiksi; kuvasimme ne erotuslajien avulla suoraan kasvillisuustaulukosta. Uudet klusterit saatoimme tulkita suokuvion pinnan makrotopografian ja purkautuvan pohjaveden määrän suhteen: laakeisiin lähdekumpuihin liittyy oma kasvillisuusyksikkönsä ja habitaattityyppinsä, jolloin varsinainen välipintakoivuletto kapenee alkuperäisestä (tasainen suurmuoto, koivuisuus). Analyysissä erottuivat lisäksi Warnsorfii-leton keskustavaikutteinen variantti (tasainen, puuton) ja Warnstorfii-leton reunavaikutteisesta variantista ja lettokorvesta muodostunut kasvillisuusyksikkö, jollainen kasvillisuus pääosin sijoittuu maastoon kaikista edellisistä poiketen alla olevan kivennäismaan topografiaa mukaillen. Viimemainittu testiyksikkö myös osoitti, että hyvin samantapaista kasvillisuutta voi olla niin puustoisessa kuin avosuohabitaatissakin. Warnstorfii-leton kahden variantin sijoittuminen testiluokittelussa kauas toisistaan korostaa habitaattityypittelyyn ennestään sisältyvää luokitteluongelmaa, jossa ´välipintaletto´ (Campylium-letto ja Warnstorfii-letto yhdessä) käsittää epäsuhtaisen suuren vaihtelualan suhteessa välipintakoivulettoon. Braun- Blanquet tyypittelyn kannalta Ruuhijärven lettokorpinäytealasarjalla (auktorimerkintä Braunmoorbrücher Ruuhijärvi 1960) on korvaamaton merkitys, koska tyyppi on vielä systeemissä luokittelematta.
Häädetkeitaan ja Kauhanevan allikkorakenteen muutokset vuosina 1947–2017 kaukokartoituksen perusteella.
English title: Changes in the open water hollows in Häädetkeidas and Kauhaneva mires during 1947–2017 based on remote sensing.
Original keywords:
ilmastonmuutos;
geomorfologia;
ilmakuvat;
kaukokartoitus;
keidassuot;
maximum likelihood;
ohjattu luokittelu;
PlanetScope
English keywords:
climate change;
Remote Sensing;
Aerial images;
Geomorphology;
Maximum likelihood;
PlanetScope;
Supervised classification
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Keidassuot ovat Etelä-Suomen yleisin suoyhdistymätyyppi. Ne saavat vetensä ja ravinteensa sateen mukana. Keidassoiden pintaa luonnehtivat kuivat harjanteet, kermit, ja märät painanteet, kuljut. Ilmaston lämpeneminen vähentää talven lumisuutta ja lisää haihduntaa, minkä on arvioitu laskevan keidassoiden vedenpintaa. Tämä voi aiheuttaa muutoksia keidassoiden ekosysteemissä ja kiihdyttää ilmaston lämpenemistä paikallisesti. Keidassoilla tapahtuvia pitkäaikaismuutoksia on tutkittu kuitenkin verraten vähän.
Tässä työssä tarkastellaan vesipintaisten kuljujen eli allikoiden määrässä 70 vuoden aikana tapahtuneita muutoksia ilma- ja satelliittikuvien avulla. Tutkimuskohteina ovat kaksi Länsi-Suomessa sijaitsevaa keidassuota: Häädetkeidas ja Kauhaneva. Pitkän ajan muutosta seurataan ilmakuvien objektiperusteisen segmentoinnin ja ohjatun suurimman todennäköisyyden luokittelun avulla. Yksittäisen kasvukauden aikaista muutosta tarkastellaan satelliittikuvien ja ohjatun suurimman todennäköisyyden luokittelun avulla. Tuloksia verrataan tarkasteluajanjaksolta kerättyihin säätietoihin.
Tulosten perusteella allikoiden lukumäärä ja pinta-ala ovat vaihdelleen tarkastelujakson aikana. 1940-luvulta 1970-luvulle asti pinta-aloissa ja lukumäärissä on ollut kasvua, minkä jälkeen ne ovat vähentyneet. 1940-luvun tilanteeseen nähden allikoiden lukumäärä on Häädetkeitaalla vähentynyt 13,8 % ja pinta-ala on vähentynyt 14,8 %. Kauhanevalla lukumäärä on vähentynyt 5,3 % ja pinta-ala on vähentynyt 6,3 %. Alueen keskilämpötila on samaan aikaan noussut yli 1 °C. Satelliittikuva-analyysin perusteella vaihtelu voi yksittäisen kasvukauden aikana olla kuitenkin voimakasta, mikä aiheuttaa epävarmuutta pitkän ajan muutoksen tulkintaan.
Tulokset osoittavat, että keidassoilla tapahtuu kaukokartoitusmenetelmin havaittavia pintarakenteen muutoksia, joilla on todennäköisesti kytkös ilmasto-olosuhteiden muutokseen.
Azorien rahkasuot – esimerkkinä Terceira-saaren suot.
English title: Classification of Sphagnum peatlands in Azores — cases from Terceira Island.
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The aims of this study were to explore the mires (peatlands) in Terceira Island of Azores, invent their vegetation and ecology, and classify the mires to the ecological groups. In the field, totally 300 mires were identified and mapped, of which 58 were selected for the detailed analysis of this study. Physical, chemical, floristic, hydrological and geomorphologic data of the mires were collected in 1997–2004. The data were organized and analysed using ordination methods (CA). A detailed distribution map of the mires in the Island is presented. Three major mire site groups occurring in Azores were identified: (1) Basin mires; (2) Transition and raised mires and (3) Hillside and blanket mires. The profiles and the plant species of these site type groups are presented.
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Mendes,
Centro do Clima, Meteorologia e Mudanças Globais (C_CMMG) – CITTA. GEVA Intergraph Registed Laboratory, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias Universidade dos Açores. Rua Capitão João d’Ávlia – Pico da Urze 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Açores, Portugal
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Dias, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kasvualustan kuivumisen vaikutukset rahkasaraturpeeseen istutettujen männyntaimien ensikehitykseen.
English title: High and dry: Consequences of drought exposure in Scots pine seedlings grown in authentic peat soil.
Original keywords:
männyntaimet;
Pinus sylvestris;
kuivuus;
rahkasaraturve;
fotosynteesin tehokkuus (Fv/ Fm);
mykorritsat;
polyamiinit;
juurten ja versojen kasvu
English keywords:
drought;
Fv/Fm;
mycorrhizal colonization;
Pinus sylvestris seedlings;
poly-amines;
root and shoot growth;
Sphagnum-Carex peat
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Should the frequency of drought increase in boreal forests due to climate change, seedlings planted in prepared peat mounds could become more susceptible to soil desiccation. The resistance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings to drought will thus be a key factor in the regeneration success of pine-dominated, forestry-drained peatlands. In this study, we evaluated the physiological, metabolic, and morphological responses of year-old seedlings gradually exposed to extreme drought in highly decomposed Sphagnum-Carex peat blocks. Drought clearly suppressed root and shoot growth as well as fractional colonization of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Sustained declines in photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) of previous-year and current-year needles did not occur until the volumetric soil water content had dropped to 30% and 10%, respectively. Polyamine analysis revealed that new needles are preferred in protecting the different parts of the seedlings against drought stress. Despite growth losses, the maintenance of rather high photochemical efficiency in current-year needles under severe water stress would appear to indicate a potential for seedling recovery if water availability in the peat improved. Given the high tolerance exhibited by Scots pine seedlings, death by drought seems a lesser concern.
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Pearson,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Unit, Kaironiementie 15, FI-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Saarinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Heiskanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sarjala, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Laine, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kylpyturpeen ominaisuudet ja laatusuositukset Suomessa.
English title: Characteristics and the quality guidelines of balneological peat in Finland.
Original keywords:
suo;
turve;
kylpyturve;
turvehoidot;
maatuneisuus;
rahkaturve;
saraturve;
humushapot
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Keski-Euroopan kylpylöissä on käytetty turvetta jo yli kahdensadan vuoden ajan reuman sekä muiden tuki- ja liikuntaelinsairauksien, urologisten ja gynekologisten vaivojen ja jopa lapsettomuuden hoitoon. Hoidot on tunnettu paremmin mutakylpyjen ja mutahauteiden/naamioiden nimellä, mutta niissä käytettävä materiaali on lähes aina turvetta. Suomessa turvehoitoja alettiin käyttää ensimmäisten kylpyturvetutkimusten valmistuttua 1990-luvun alusta alkaen. Geologian tutkimuskeskuksessa on tutkittu suomalaisten kylpyturpeeksi soveltuvien turvelajien fysikaalisia ja kemiallisia ominaisuuksia vuodesta 1989 lähtien. Tutkimustulosten perusteella Suomesta löytyy runsaasti hyvälaatuista turvehoitoihin sopivaa turvetta. Tutkimustulosten ja käytön perusteella kylpyturpeelle on pyritty antamaan laatusuositukset, jotka vastaavat kansainvälisiä kylpyturpeen käytön laatuvaatimuksia kriteerejä. Hyvä kylpyturve on pitkälle maatunutta, H7 - H8 von Postin 10-asteikon mukaan, ja turve sisältää humushappoja vähintään 20 % kuivapainosta. Rikkipitoisuus on alle 0,30 % kuivapainosta ja siinä ei ole haitallisia määriä raskasmetalleja. Tässä artikkelissa esitetään tulokset 23 suolta tehdyistä kylpyturvetutkimuksista. Merkittävimmät erot rahka- ja saraturpeiden välillä havaittiin pH-arvoissa, rahkaturpeet ovat happamampia kuin saraturpeet. Myös humushappojen (2%) ja humiinien (5%) määrät olivat hieman korkeampia saraturpeilla.
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Korhonen,
Riitta Korhonen, erikoistutkija emerita, Tilanhoitajankaari 22 C 55, 00790 Helsinki, e-mail: riittakorhonen3@gmail.com
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Vedenpinnan muutoksen lyhytaikaiset vaikutukset hiilidioksidi- ja metaanipäästöihin peittosuolla.
English title: The short-term effect of altered water level on carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in a blanket bog.
Avainsanat:
Sphagnum;
Drainage;
peatland;
methane;
flooding;
ecohydrology;
photosynthesis;
respiration;
Racomitrium;
Rhynchospora alba
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Peatlands play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle, by acting as a large, long-term C sink. The C sink is sustained by a high water level that inhibits decomposition of organic matter. The C gas dynamics are therefore sensitive to changes in water level, and in climatically different years a peatland can vary from a sink to a source of C. We measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes from vegetation communities ranging from hummocks to low lawns in a blanket bog. After a one-year calibration period the water level was both lowered and raised experimentally and the changes in vegetation composition and gas fluxes were monitored during a further year. In all vegetation communities the water level drawdown increased the respiration rate and decreased methane emission; rising water level decreased respiration and increased methane emissions. The effect of altered water level on photosynthesis depended on species composition. Water level drawdown decreased photosynthesis in most communities; rising water level decreased the photosynthesis of hummocks species, and increased the photosynthesis of Rhynchospora alba.
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Laine,
Anna M. Laine, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, telephone: +358 8 5531521, email: anna.laine@oulu.fi
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Byrne, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kiely, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tuittila, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suon pienmuotojen, veden saatavuuden ja turpeen kertymisen vuorovaikutus pohjoisilla luonnontilaisilla soilla.
English title: Interaction of mire microtopography, water supply, and peat accumulation in boreal mires.
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Studies of mire hydrology and carbon accumulation have shown 1) an exponential increase in the rate of horizontal water movement with increasing height of the water table, and 2) a curvilinear relationship between the water table elevation and carbon accumulation rate, with a single maximum. Equations for these relationships suggest that optimal carbon accumulation will occur where the water table is at moderate depth and the surface has little microtopography. Wet conditions tend to enhance microtopographic relief by differential peat accumulation, while dry conditions tend to reduce relief. For mires with abundant dry microsites, increasing the water supply typically increases the rate of carbon accumulation, but this effect could be transient because microtopographic relief may also increase and have a negative effect on carbon accumulation. The runoff-inhibiting nature of ridge and hollow patterns makes patterned mires especially vulnerable to loss of carbon fixation ability with increasing wetness. While dry periods often cause peat loss in the short term, over the long term their effect may be positive because they hinder the formation of strong microtopography. This helps explain why high peat accumulation rates and some of the world’s most extensive peatlands occur in continental regions with a marginally adequate moisture supply.
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Swanson,
USDA Forest Service, PO Box 907, Baker City, OR 97814 USA
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suomen suosysteemit - erityistarkastelussa aapasuot ja niiden vedenvirtauskuviointi.
English title: Mire systems in Finland - special view to aapa mires and their water-flow pattern.
Avainsanat:
mire classification;
raised bog;
aapa mire;
groundwater;
mire hydrology;
aerial photograph interpretation;
peatland morphology;
slope fen
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An attempt is made in this paper to create two consistent mire typologies, i.e. 1) the Combined Finnish Mire Typology covering all possible mire areas in Finland and 2) the Mire Water Flow Typology for boreal, zonal mire systems, i.e. aapa mires and raised bogs. Furthermore, larger groundwater recharge-discharge patterns concerning mires and the biological significance of morphologic and hydrologic mire classifications are discussed. Zonal mire systems from raised bogs to aapa mires are described as a dominance-based continuum. Local mire systems are subdivided according to factors that impede the formation of mire massifs, which are the essential morphological units of zonal mire systems. Smaller-scale mire units for aapa mires and the acrotelmic flow pattern are presented on the basis of a typical mid-boreal aapa mire system with a raised bog, based on the aerial photograph interpretation. The discussion of the groundwater recharge-discharge pattern and the biological significance of morphologic and hydrologic mire classifications is based on literature.
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Laitinen,
University of Oulu, Department of Biology, Botany, P.O.Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Rehell, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Huttunen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tahvanainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kahden kasvupaikkaluokitusmenetelmän vertailu suon kasvillisuuskartoituksessa.
English title: Comparative application of two vegetation classification approaches to large-scale mapping of bog vegetation.
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This article focuses on geobotanical mapping with special emphasis on mire vegetation.
A brief review of the history of mire mapping in Russia is given. The purpose
of the research reported here is to promote the application of cartographic methods to
phytosociological studies as well as to contribute to further development of methods
for large-scale mapping of mire vegetation. Kudrovsky mire massif (Leningrad region,
NW Russia) was chosen as the study area. Two vegetation maps were prepared on the
basis of different vegetation classifi cation approaches, namely the dominant (ecologicphytocoenotic)
and fl oristic (Braun-Blanquet) methods. The same vegetation relevé
data were classifi ed using both approaches and the resulting classifi cations were used
to construct legends for the maps. The traditions and problems of Russian vegetation
cartography are briefl y discussed.
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Galanina,
Kainuu Regional Environment Centre, Friendship Park Research Centre, Lentiirantie 342, FIN-88900 Kuhmo, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turvekerroksen ajoittaminen vulkaanisen tuhkan avulla.
English title: Experiments on the taphonomy of tephra in peat.
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Understanding the taphonomy of tephra (volcanic ash) is crucial to the use of tephrochronology in peatlands. This study uses field experiments on a Scottish peatland to investigate the post-depositional movement of tephra in peat. Experiments were designed to investigate the temporal change in tephra profiles over a 24-month study period, the horizontal distribution of tephra and the microscopic distribution of tephra particles within the peat. Tephra concentration profiles show that the majority of tephra shards are retained within the top cm of peat with small numbers penetrating to a maximum of 6 cm depth. This distribution would be reduced as the peat is compressed with subsequent accumulation. Examination of thin sections from the plots indicates that tephra movement may be dependent on the microscopic structure of the peat, especially porosity. These results provide general support to the use of tephrochronology although further work will be required, particularly in other peat types and environments.
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Payne,
Department of Geography, Queen May, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS United Kingdom
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kilfeather, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- van, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Blackford, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Pinus sylvestris L. on drained peatlands.
English title: Long-term effects of apatite and biotite on the nutrient and stand growth of Scots pine.
Avainsanat:
phosphorus;
potassium;
nutrient status;
Fertilisation;
nutrient deficiency;
drained peatland;
potassium chloride;
rock phosphate
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Phosphorus and potassium deficiencies are common in Scots pine stands growing on drained peatlands. In this study, the foliar nutrient concentrations and stand growth were monitored after the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilisers of different solubility in four experiments on thick-peated drained peatlands in northern central Finland. The studied stands involved three fertilisation treatments: (i) unfertilised control, (ii) rock phosphate and potassium chloride, and (iii) apatite and biotite. The growth of stands was monitored 20–25 years after the fertilisation. Needles were sampled four times: 4–9, 11–14, 16–19 and 21–24 years after the fertilisation.
According to foliar analyses, the trees on the control plots suffered from severe phosphorus and potassium deficiencies. Rock phosphate and apatite fertilisation increased the foliar phosphorus concentrations above the deficiency limit, and the effect was still noticeable 21–24 years after the application. Both potassium sources, that is, the slowly soluble biotite and the water-soluble potassium chloride increased the foliar potassium concentration to an adequate level. Potassium chloride increased the concentrations faster and stronger than biotite during the first years (4–9) after the applications. The situation was reversed when 11–14 years or more had passed from the fertilisation: the biotite fertilised stands had higher potassium concentrations. The fertilisation treatments decreased the foliar nitrogen, zinc, manganese, copper and boron concentrations.
The fertiliser applications increased the stand volume growth considerably. Raw phosphate and potassium chloride increased the volume growth significantly already during the first five-year period. The effect of the apatite and biotite treatment was weaker during the first 10 years, but became stronger with time. During the period 19–24 years after the fertilisation, the stand growth on the biotite plots was equal to that of the plots fertilised with potassium chloride. However, during the whole study period the differences between the treatments remained insignificant.
The results showed that slowly soluble apatite and biotite are suitable sources of phosphorus and potassium for pines on drained peatlands. However, to avoid boron deficiency, also boron should be added simultaneously.
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Moilanen,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station, Kirkkosaarentie 7, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pietiläinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Vegetation patterns in a cut-away peatland in relation to abiotic and biotic factors: a case study from the Sumava Mts., Czech Rebuplic.
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We studied the natural regeneration of a cut-over peat bog in the Sumava Mountains,
Czech Republic. The spontaneous revegetation by vascular plants has been limited by
extreme abiotic conditions left after peat mining. Only 1-2% of the total area was
recolonized by Sphagnum mosses. This was mainly because drainage channels are still
drying out the bog. Only plants tolerant to water stress such as Juncus effusus, Molinia
caerulea, Eriophorum angustifolium and E. vaginatum were able to establish there. A
key species colonizing bare surface is a clonal plant E. angustifolium. It forms circular
polycormons of densely aggregated ramets. As in other radially spreading phalanx plants,
the oldest (central) part of the system gradually dies, previously connected ramets become
separated, and ring polycormon becomes open to recolonization by other plant
species. We analyzed the relationships between species richness of the ring and their
size, percentage litter cover, distance to seed sources, and soil fertility. The number of
plant species was higher in the middle of the polycormons. The soil was more fertile in
the central area than in the surroundings. We conclude that the restoration of highly
disturbed habitats can be facilitated by clonal behavior of pioneer populations.
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Lanta,
Faculty of Bilogical Sciences, University of South bohemia, Branisovska 31, CZ-370 05 Ceske Budejovice, CzechRebuplic
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Doležal, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Samata, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Jatkolannoitusten vaikutus männyn (Pinus sylvestris L.) tilavuuskasvuun ja neulasten ravinnepitoisuuksiin ojitetulla rämeellä.
English title: The effect of repeated fertilizations on volume growth and needle nutrient concentrations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) on a drained pine mire.
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The nutritional status of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands growing on a nitrogen-rich,
drained pine mire in western Finland was studied after refertilization using needle
analysis and the response of stand volume growth. The main aim was to find out if K-refertilization
alone could maintain or increase the volume growth without causing a
nutrient imbalance between K and P. The initial fertilization was carried out in 1961 -
62 using PK fertilizer and refertilized in 1976 and 1989 with different combinations of
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and boron (B). Needle samples were taken
and the tree stands were measured in 1996 and 2001. Peat samples were taken in 2002.
According to the needle analysis results, the concentration of P was above the deficiency
level in all the treatments in 1995 and 2000. There was a clear shortage of K in
the needles collected from the control treatment, but the concentration of K was still
adequate 12 years after the latest K refertilization. The volume growth of the stands
clearly responded to the 1976 refertilization with K alone, which was probably due to
the fact that trees had been suffering from K deficiency before the first refertilization
and 14-15 years thereafter. After the second refertilization, the combination of K and P
increased the annual volume growth more than refertilization with K alone. This indicates
that about 25 years after the initial fertilization, there was already some shortage
of P. The highest stand volume was associated with the combined K (1976) and PK
(1989) refertilization treatment. Refertilization with N did not increase stand volumes
during the study period.
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Rautjärvi,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Centre, Box 68, FIN-80101 Joensuu
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kaunisto, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tolonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Pitääkö kaikkein happamimmat sulfaattimaat poistaa viljelystä?
English title: Should the cultivation of the most acidic sulphate soils be stopped?
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Estimates of the area of cultivated acid sulphate soils in Finland range from 50,000 ha to 336,000 ha. In these soils, sulfides are oxidized to sulphuric acid upon aeration, which is promoted by drainage. Agricultural use of these soils requires abundant liming. Acidic drainage waters impact the aquatic life negatively. Early research concentrated on the agricultural utilization of acid sulphate soils while more recently environmental aspects have been emphasized. Controlled drainage, aiming at a high water table, is considered an option for the management of acidity. Owing to evapotranspiration, however, sulfidic layers may be exposed to oxidation every summer in spite of controlled drainage. Successful submerging of sulfidic layers may require pumping of water to the field from outside sources. Abandoning the most acidic sulphate soils and stop draining them would prevent further oxidation of sulfides. This is a sensitive issue, because the farmland is private property. Moreover, it is not exactly known where the most acidic sulphate soils are located and how their abandonment would impact the quality of water in recipient rivers.
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Yli-Halla,
MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Environmental research, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Nursing plants in peatland restoration: on their potential use to alleviate frost heaving problems.
Avainsanat:
Sphagnum;
revegetation;
regeneration;
rehabilitation;
colonisation;
degraded mire;
peat erosion
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Peatland restoration measures usually require the rewetting of the disturbed ecosystem. In northern latitudes, the increase in wetness of the bare peat substrate causes frost heaving. In this paper, we described the problem of frost heaving in cutover peatlands and an array of means whereby it can be diminished. Several avenues of research should be pursued with the use of nursing plants to reduce frost heaving and promote Sphagnum establishment and growth. For large scale restoration of peatland ecosystems, Polytrichum strictum appears to be a good potential nursing plant to Sphagnum. However the importance of competition between polytric and Sphagnum is unknown and we do not know under which conditions the association is beneficial or not.
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Groeneveld,
Groupe Recherche en Écologie des Tourbières and Centre d'Études Nordiques, Pavillon Paul-Comtois, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Rochefort, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Patterns in Estonian bogs as depicted in color kite aerial photographs.
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Kite aerial photography (KAP) was conducted at three bogs in east-central and southwestern Estonia to further investigate the possibilities of this technique for mire research. Color-visible and color-infrared photographs were acquired in all orientations with film and digital cameras. Individual objects can be identified in vertical photographs in the size range 10 to 30 cm, which allows for microstructural investigations. Color-visible photographs reveal distinct color and texture zones in the vegetation cover of bogs, and water pools form a strong contrast with emergent vegetation. The intricate patterns of emergent, floating and submerged vegetation are portrayed clearly, and the boundary is defined sharply between emergent and floating moss at pool margins. Distinct color and texture zones of plant cover represent specific vegetation communities. Color-infrared photographs depict active photosynthesis of floating and emergent moss (Sphagnum sp.) in narrow zones (1–2 m wide) at pool margins. The high level of photosynthesis in such narrow zones may have significant implications for development of bog morphology, biomass accumulation, methane emission, and other environmental factors. Numerous small water bodies are more abundant than anticipated and may be more common than is generally recognized on conventional airphotos or satellite images. Multi-view angle imagery displays considerable variations in reflectivity of bog cover materials for different viewing directions. Special lighting effects, such as sun glint and the hot spot, are more prominent in color-infrared pictures, because of darker shadows. Our field experience demonstrates that kite aerial photographs may provide a basis for microstructural mapping and analysis of complex bogs within a multi-scale approach to mire investigations.
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Aber,
Earth Science Department, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas 66801 U.S.A.
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Aaviksoo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Karofeld, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Aber, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turpeen ominaisuudet ja kasvillisuus metsitetyn ja lannoitetun avosuon eri trofiatasoilla.
English title: Peat properties and vegetation along different trophic levels on an afforested, fertilised mire.
Avainsanat:
Sphagnum;
nitrogen;
Carex;
mineral nutrients;
peat component;
degree of humification;
forest mosses
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Relationships between the peat nutrient concentrations and the degree of humification, the ground vegetation and the botanical composition of the peat were studied on an afforested, originally treeless mire with a wide nitrogen gradient. The afforestation was carried out in 1971 using spot sowing and spot fertilisation. A broadcast fertilisation experiment that involved six replicates with four treatments, (i) a control, (ii) PK (rock phosphate and KCl), (iii) PK+ B, Cu and (iiii) wood ash was established in 1981–82. The surface peat layers were sampled for nutrient analyses in 1995 and for peat type determinations in 1997. The ground vegetation was inventoried in 1995. In 1995, the peat total nitrogen concentration varied from 8.7 to 29.1 mg g-1 in the 0–5 cm peat layer. The total nitrogen, phosphorus and iron concentrations and the degree of humification in the peat were all positively correlated with the proportion of Carex components and with each other. The frequency of Sphagnum mosses correlated negatively but that of forest mosses positively with the peat total nitrogen concentration. Broadcast fertilisation with wood ash increased the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, boron, copper and zinc especially in the 0–5 cm peat layer but did not affect other peat properties or the ground vegetation.
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Hartman,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Reseach Centre, P.O. Box 18, 01301 Vantaa
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kaunisto, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silfverberg, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Leijailmakuvausmenetelmän käyttömahdollisuudet soiden kartoituksessa - esimerkkejä Viron soilta.
English title: Potential of kite aerial photography for peatland investigations with examples from Estonia.
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Kite aerial photography (KAP) involves the use of large kites to lift camera rigs 50–150 m above the ground. Various types of radio-controlled, single- and dual-camera systems may be employed to acquire images in visible and near-infrared portions of the spectrum. KAP has many advantages for peatland research, including: high portability, rapid setup and operation, small crew, range of suitable weather and site conditions, high-resolution images, and low cost of equipment and operation. On this basis, KAP could be utilized for multitemporal imagery throughout the growing season and from year to year to document study sites. Kite aerial photography at Endla Nature Reserve in Estonia demonstrates the potential of this method for acquiring useful images in vertical and oblique orientations. Sun glint in oblique views (toward the sun) can highlight the presence of water bodies regardless of water depth or turbidity. Color-infrared KAP would be especially useful for separating different types of vegetation cover and water bodies in peat bogs. Kite aerial photography could represent one level of observation in a multistage and multitemporal approach that involves ground study, conventional aerial photographs, and satellite imagery.
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Aber,
Earth Science, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas, 66801 U.S.A.
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Aber, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
A model of organic matter accumulation in a developing fen/raised bog complex.
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A mechanistic simulation model of organic matter accumulation for a developing fen/ raised bog complex in Ireland is presented.Parameter/variable values have been prima rily drawn from the published literature.The development of the theoretical considera tions of fen peat as a substratum to a raised bog is evaluated using the model.Terrestri alization is the pathway of hydroseral succession.The conceptual model treats peat growth as the accumulation of a series of parcels comprising both a labile and a non- labile component.The fen phase of the model uses a discrete description of organic matter accumulation while the raised bog phase uses a continuous description.Both phases use a constant decay rate.The model integrates changes in net primary produc tivity and aerobic decay to simulate four climatic periods.The model generates outputs for peat depth and mass with time and profiles of bulk density with depth.Results over a simulated period of 10 000 years demonstrate how changes in surface net primary productivity and aerobic decay can change the rate of peat accumulation in the develop ing fen/raised bog complex.Sensitivity analysis showed that the most important pa rameters influencing simulated depth and mass were the labile fraction in organic mat ter (raised bog)followed by net primary productivity (raised bog).The potential sig nificance of underlying fen peat as a proportion of the total depth and mass of a devel oping fen/raised bog complex was evaluated and shown to be substantially diminished after 5 000 years.It was established that the model predictions corresponded well with data for Irish Midland bogs and given suitable adjustment of values, could potentially simulate Fennoscandian conditions as well.
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Gilmer,
Department of Agricultural & Food Engineering (Peat Technology Centre), University College Dublin, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Holden, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ward, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Brereton, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Farrell, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Physical properties of organic soil in Sto owe Mountains National Park (Poland).
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The aim of this work was to determine physical properties of organic soils developed in different sites of the mountain area of Stolowe Mountains National Park, Poland. The profiles with different botanical composition of peat were analysed and classified by types and species of peat. Peat, muck and peat-mud were identified (9 profiles) at chosen locations. Investigation showed that top plateau organic soils were developed on a sandy-loam or sand weathered sandstone base. Organic soils in valleys and slopes were developed on a loamy-silt or clay basement. Peat horizons developed according to different types of sites (mesotrophic and eutrophic, sometimes oligotrophic). Generally, these soils are ombrotrophic, i.e. fed by atmospheric water only. These soils were classified as Fibric Histosols and Terric Histosols. Organic soils within the main regions of the park were over-desiccated, with advancing muck-forming processes being noted.
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Bogacz,
Institute of Soil Science and Agricultural Environment Protection, Agricultural University of Wroc aw 50-357 Wroc aw, ul. Grunwaldzka 53, Poland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Nitrogen and phosphorus fractions as indicators of organic soil quality.
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The state of the environment is currently evaluated by indicators of air and water quality. Sustainable land use requires an assessement of soil quality. Soil quality indicators should relate soil processes to management practices. The supply of N and P contributes to crop productivity, but can degrade air and water quality. In this paper, we will present organic soil N and P attributes that can make up soil functions. Nitrate was the only detected mineral N form in organic soil materials with pH (0.01M CaCl2 ) exceeding 4.4. Lowest C/N ratio of cultivated sapric soil materials was 15, showing high nitrate-supplying capability. Total P concentration was between 760 and 1960 mg P kg–1 both in organic and inorganic forms when pH (0.01M CaCl2 ) increased above 4.7, the recommended minimum pH value for cultivated organic soils. Lowest C/P ratio as organic forms was 340 for sapric materials containing less than 22% ash, indicating organic P sequestration capability (C/P > 300). However, the low N/P ratio of 23 (i.e. 340/15) also indicated capability for organic P availability to plants. Since N and P are related to organic matter transformations, the C/N/P/S multiratios of selected organic matter fractions, analyzed as compositional data (computation procedure presented), need further consideration as integrated N and P attributes in combination with pH and climatic indexes, in order to adapt N and P diagnosis and recommendation models to specific organic soil agroecological zones.
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Parent,
Centre de Recherche en Géomatique, Laval University, Ste-Foy (Quebec), Canada G1K 7P4
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Viau, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Anctil, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ravinteiden huuhtoutuminen tuhka- ja PK-lannoitetusta turpeesta.
English title: The leaching of nutrients from ash- and PK-fertilised peat.
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The nutrient concentrations of the water percolating through fertilised peat cores were investigated in a greenhouse experiment. The nutrient concentrations in the peat cores were also determined before and after the experiment. The fertiliser treatments were 500 kg ha-1 of PK peatland fertiliser, 5 000 and 25 000 kg ha-1 of birch ash, and an unfertilised control. The cores were watered on three occasions after application of the fertilisers. The percolation water collected from the fertilised cores contained significantly more nutrients than the control. The total amounts of leached nutrients were equivalent to 0.01 - 20.1 % of the nutrients in the peat cores, K clearly being leached the most. The susceptibility of the nutrients to leaching followed the order K > Mg > Ca > Mn > P. The fertiliser treatments also increased the leaching of nitrate and ammonium. The amount of leached nutrients was relatively the highest from the PK treatment, but in absolute terms the highest from the largest dose of wood ash. According to the peat analyses, the concentrations of most of the nutrients had increased only in the surface layer of the peat (0 - 5 cm). In contrast, the K concentrations had increased throughout the whole profile (0 - 20 cm). The application of large amounts of ash fertiliser should be avoided in order to minimise nutrient leaching losses. Although the fertilisers used in this experiment have been or are being replaced by new types of fertiliser, the results of this study can be used to facilitate the interpretation of the results of field experiments in which these fertilisers have been used..
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Silfverberg,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lannoituksen vaikutus hieskoivikoiden kasvuun ja ravinnetilaan ojitetuilla turvemailla Pohjois-Suomessa.
English title: Effect of fertilization on growth and foliar nutrient status of pubescent birch stands on drained mires in northern Finland.
Avainsanat:
nitrogen;
phosphorus;
potassium;
peatland;
Foliar nutrients;
Betula pubescens;
growth responses
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The effects of fertilization and refertilization on the growth of pubescent birch (Betula pubescens) stands growing on drained peatlands in northern Finland were studied in eight field experiments. The treatments were: (i) control with no fertilization, (ii) fertilization with nitrogen (N), (iii) fertilization with phosphorus and potassium (PK), and (iv) fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK). The sites represented four different mesotrophic to eutrophic site types with stand median heights ranging from 7 m to 13 m. Tree growth was monitored at stand level during periods of five to eleven years following the setting up of the experiments and during periods of 4 to 7 years following the repetition of the treatments in 1985. At the end of the second period, sun-exposed leaves were sampled from two stands in August 1990 for the purpose of conducting foliar nutrient analyses. The first-time fertilization treatments did not affect tree growth on any of the site types. Following the repetition of the treatments, the stands responded positively to NPK or PK fertilization on all site types except on the shallow-peated herb-rich peatland forest. There was no response to mere N-fertilization on any of the site types. The growth responses observed were weaker than those reported for Scots pine in similar climatic conditions.
Key words: Betula pubescens, foliar nutrients, growth responses, nitrogen, peatland, phosphorus, potassium
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Penttilä,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Rovaniemi Research Station, P.O.Box 16, FIN-96301 Rovaniemi, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Hidasliukoisten fosforilannoitteiden ominaisuudet ja käyttökelpoisuus suometsien lannoituksessa. Kirjallisuuteen perustuva tarkastelu.
English title: Properties of slow release phosphorus fertilizers with special reference to their use on drained peatland forests. A review.
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Slow-release phosphorus fertilizers have long been considered as a primary fertilization option on drained peatland forests in Finland. There has also been growing interest in using slow-release P-fertilizers as a better alternative to water-soluble fertilizers on agricultural land. Manufacture of different P-fertilizers, and those fertilizer and site properties which affect the rate of P release, are reviewed. The effects of slow-release P-fertilizers on plant growth and the liability to be leached into waterways are also discussed. In particular, the behaviour of slow-release P-fertilizers on drained peatland forests is considered.
Key words: fertilizer dissolution, fertilizer leaching, phosphate minerals, peatland forestry
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Nieminen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Centre, P. O. Box 18, FIN-01301, Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Emäksisen tuhkalaskeuman vaikutus rahkasammaliin Niinsaarensuolla Koillis-Virossa.
English title: The effects of alkaline fly ash precipitation on the Sphagnum mosses in Niinsaare bog, NE Estonia.
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In north-east Estonia the precipitation of calcium-rich strongly alkaline fly ash from thermal power stations has caused significant changes in the local ombrotrophic mires. Sphagnum mosses disappeared from Niinsaare bog during the 1970s in the period of the highest air pollution. Their disappearance was probably caused mainly by the combination of high pH values and an increased concentration of calcium in the bog water. In Niinsaare bog, the present mean pH value of bog water is 5.3 ± 0.6 and the mean calcium concentration 11.6 ± 1.6 mg l-1, compared with 3.7 ± 0.4 and 1.9 ± 0.2 mg l-1 in the uncontaminated Nigula bog respectively. During the last decade, following the reduction of fly ash emission, the Sphagnum mosses started to reappear in Niinsaare bog. Nine Sphagnum patches dominated mainly by S. angustifolium, S. fallax and S. magellanicum were studied from June 1991 to September 1995. During one year, the distance between the centre and edges of these patches increased on an average by 5.1 ± 2.7 cm and the area by 29 ± 21.5 %. This indicates that the degeneration of Sphagna in NE Estonian bogs is not yet irreversible and, by reducing the air pollution in long term, the restoration of Sphagnum carpet is possible.
Key words: atmospheric pollution, degeneration and recurrence of Sphagna, ombrotrophic mire.
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Karofeld,
Institute of Ecology, Kevade Str. 2, EE0001 Tallinn, Estonia
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lannoituksen vaikutus kuusikoiden kasvuun ja ravinnetilaan ojitetuilla turvemailla Pohjois-Suomessa.
English title: Effects of fertilization on tree growt and nutrient status of Norway spruce stands on drained peatlands in northern Finland.
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Abstract: The stand-level responses to fertilization and refertilization were studied in seven factorial field experiments established in 1974-1976. The factors were nitrogen fertilization (N) and phosphorus-potassium fertilization (PK). The factorial treatments were applied at two levels: (i) control and (ii) fertilized with a dosage following the currently used Finnish forest fertilization guide-lines. The spruce-dominated stands were selected from areas drained according to normal forestry practises between 1932 and 1969. The sites covered fairly well the trophic variation that occurs on spruce-dominated peatlands in the mid-boreal zone in Finland. Tree growth was monitored during two periods of five to seven years. The second period followed the refertilization in 1985. At the end of the second period, one-year-old sun-exposed needles were sampled from the four southernmost stands for nutrient analyses. The effects of fertilization on tree growth were generally fairly weak and insignificant, especially during the first study period. After refertilization, the effect of N was positive in three stands on mesotrophic sites. The foliar nutrient analyses of unfertilized spruces showed low concentrations of N, P and Cu. PK-fertilization increased foliar P concentrations and, in some cases, also K concentrations. Since the PK-fertilizer included some borate, it also increased foliar B concentrations. N-fertilization did not affect foliar N, P or K concentrations but it decreased foliar concentrations of Ca, Zn, and B in some cases. Both the growth responses and the foliar nutrient analyses indicated that nitrogen was the most deficient macro-nutrient.
Key words: foliar nutrients, growth responses, mires, nitrogen, phosphorus, Picea abies, potassium
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Moilanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station, Kirkkosaarentie, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Penttilä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kunnostusojitusvaihtoehtojen vesistövaikutusten asiantuntija-avusteinen arviointi ja liittäminen päätösanalyysiin.
English title: Assessing the impacts of ditch network maintenance on water ecosystems on the basis of expert knowledge and integrating the assessment into decision analysis.
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Abstract: The study applies the combined use of the Delphi technique and the analytic hierarchy process to the assessment of ditch network maintenance alternatives and their impacts on water ecosystems. The results of the assessment are utilised in multi-criteria decision support. Impacts of ditch network maintenance on water systems need to be assessed on the basis of expert knowledge, because no quantitative impact assessment models applicable in numerical decision analyses are available. Ideally, the assessment process results in a compromise between the opinions of several experts involved. If no consensus can be reached, the final results are calculated as weighted means of the opinions. For the weighting stage, the competence of the experts should be determined. The method is illustrated and tested in the light of a case study where five experts assessed five ditch network maintenance alternatives with respect to the protection of nearby water ecosystems. The case study area is located in western Finland. It is a peatland site with an old ditch network needing maintenance from the viewpoint of wood production. With the volume increment of the tree stand and the protection of water systems as the criteria, and utilising ecological expertise in the assessment of alternatives concerning the protection criterion, multi-criteria analysis recommended the 'no treatments' alternative.
Key words: AHP, Delphi, ditch network maintenance, environmental protection, forest planning
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Kangas,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, P.O.Box 44, FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Lauhanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kasvillisuus ja C02-tase käytöstä vapautuneella turvetuotantoalueella Kihniön Aitonevalla.
English title: Vegetation and CO2 balance in an abandoned harvested peatland in Aitoneva, southern Finland.
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The vegetation and CO2 balance (difference between C02 fixation rate and respiration rate) in an abandoned harvested peatland in Aitoneva, Kihnio (62° 12'N, 23° 18'E) were studied during the summer of 1994. The daytime CO2 fluxes from sample plots representing different kinds of vegetation were measured using two different static chamber techniques. To investigate the compositional variation of vegetation and its relationship with CO2 balance, data on the vegetation of the sample plots was analysed by global non-metric multidimensional scaling (GNMDS). A total number of 20 plant species was observed on the sample plots. The dominant plant species was Eriophorum vaginatum L. The main variation in GNMDS were connected with colonization stage (total cover of vegetation). The C02 fixation rate varied between -56 and 1869 mg m-2 h-1 and the respiration rate varied between 34 and 1168 mg CO2 m-2 h-1. The CO2 fixation and respiration rate increased with increasing total vegetation cover. The highest respiration and the highest CO2 fixation rates were found in sample plots dominated by mature Eriophorum vaginatum tussocks. Those sample plots were the only ones having positive CO2 balance. Regression analysis indicated that the respiration rate depended on soil temperature. Variation in the water table had no influence on the respiration or the C02 fixation rate.
Key words: CO2 balance, Eriophorum vaginatum, GNMDS, harvested peatland, plant colonization
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Tuittila,
Department of Forest Ecology, P.O. Box 24, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Komulainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turvepohjaisten kasvualustojen tiivistyminen yksivuotisessa paakkutaimikasvatuksessa.
English title: Compaction of growth media based on Sphagnum peat during one-year culturing of container seedlings.
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Changes in bulk density and water retention during one-year culturing of container seedlings were studied in pure, low-humified Sphagnum peat and in peat-based two-component growth media. In all growth media, the bulk density increased slightly with time. The corresponding decrease in total porosity was negligible (< 1 %-unit for pure peat). At matric potentials < -1 kPa, water retention of growth media tended to increase somewhat with time. On the other hand, shrinkage at desorption decreased during seedling culturing. The results suggest that, from the standpoint of seedling growth, the structure of growth media based on Sphagnum peat does not markedly change or deteriorate during one-year culturing of seedlings. However, in seedling culturing peat growth media containing hydrogel may possess restricted aeration due to excess water retention, while addition of coarse textured materials, such as perlite, to peat can increase aeration.
Key words: nursery management, soil physical properties, shrinkage, substrate, water retention
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Heiskanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Suonenjoki Research Station, FIN-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turvestratigrafisen tutkimuksen historiasta ja kvartaaritieteellisestä merkityksestä Pohjoismaissa.
English title: On the history and Quaternary scientific significance of peat stratigraphical research in the Nordic countries.
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The early development of peat stratigraphical research was concentrated in the Nordic countries. Although this field of science originated in Denmark at the beginning of the 19th century, the most important pioneer of palaeoecological peatland research was the Norwegian, Axel Blytt. His model, as modified by the Swedish scientist Rutger Sernander, spread throughout Europe and from there to other continents and has had a major impact on peat stratigraphy and Quaternary science. However, our present knowledge of the regional differences in postglacial vegetation and climate history speaks against the use of the Blytt-Sernander scheme outside southern Scandinavia. Especially, the compulsive application of the Blytt-Sernander scheme in the zoning of pollen diagrams has lead to distortions and erroneous interpretations.
Keywords: Nordic countries, peat stratigraphy, postglacial climate history, pollen analysis
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Seppä,
Department of Geography, Laboratory of Physical Geography, P.O. Box 9, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Rikki viljellyissä eloperäisissä maissa.
English title: Sulphur in cultivated organic soils.
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In mould soils the concentration of acid ammonium acetate extractable sulphur (SAAAc) was 33 mg/l on average and total sulphur (Stot) was 833 mg/l. Corresponding contents in peat soils were 45 and 1209 mg/l, respectively. Average extractability of sulphur was 4.2 % in mould soils and 3.7 % in peat soils. In both soil types the extractability was highest when pH was lowest. Increasing humus contents decreased slightly the extractability of sulphur.
Key words: humus, mould soil, peat soil, pH, extractable and total sulphur
L. Urvas, Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, Institute of Soils and Environment, FIN-3J600 Jokioinen, Finland
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Urvas,
Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, Institute of Soils and Environment, FIN-3J600 Jokioinen, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Uuttuva kupari viljellyissä eloperäisissä maissa.
English title: Extractable copper in cultivated organic soils.
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The content of acid (pH 4.65) ammonium acetate-EDTA (AAAc-EDTA) extractable Cu was in mould soils (9.6 ±5.7 mg/1 soil) about one and a half times that in peat soils (6.6 ± 4.4 mg/1). There was a close positive dependence between extractable Cu and the total Cu in both soil types. The proportion of extractable Cu on the total Cu was in mould soils (wet combustion 40.0 ± 13.3%; dry ashing 40.9 ± 11.3%) somewhat lower than in peat soils (wet combustion 47.4 ± 13.6%; dry ashing 53.4 ± 19.5%). In mould soils the decrease in soil acidity had an increasing effect on both extractable Cu and total Cu contents of soil. In peat soils the extractable Cu and total Cu contents were lowest between pH(H20) values 5.0 and 5.5, and increased with both increasing and decreasing the soil acidity. The extractable Cu and total Cu contents were highest in mould soils of low humus content and in peat soils having humus content between 60 and 70%.
Keywords: Humus, mould soil, peat soil, pH, total copper
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Jokinen,
Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, Institute of Soils and Environment, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Urvas, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hyvärinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Preliminary estimate of long-term carbon accumulation and loss in 25 boreal peatlands.
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The rate of carbon accumulation (RCA) was studied stratigraphically in individual vertical cores representing 25 mires in Finland, Estonia and Maine, USA. Carbon 14-datings (325 in total) were used for dating long cores encompassing all or most of the Holocene. The apparent long-term RCA (g m-2 a-1) in Finnish raised bogs and fens ranged from 13 to 41 and from 8 to 25, respectively, and in Maine bogs from 20 to 26 and in a single fen 27. Between and within core variations were great. In Finnish mires the true RCA, as derived from Clymo's peat accumulation model for long cores, was usually about 2/3 of the apparent long-term RCA. A change from intensive decay in the surface layers to very slow decay in deeper peat layers was dated to between some 300-500 years ago.
Key words: Climatic change, organic matter, stratigraphy
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Tolonen,
Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box III, FIN-80I01, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vasander, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Damman, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Clymo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
High resolution 14C dating of surface peat using the AMS technique.
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In an AMS (accelerator mass spectrometric) determination of 14C from moss-increment dated samples from a Sphagnum fuscum hummock, a clear peak representing the time of high 14C activity in the atmosphere due to nuclear bomb tests was found. The 14C activities in the peat profile at deeper levels, corresponding to the period down to 1600 BP, showed similar variations as the atmospheric values. The time-scale obtained from radiocarbon dating fitted well with results from moss-increment counting, pollen analysis and dendrochronological dating of a fire horizon. Using the bomb activity peak, the fraction of carbon emanating from deeper layers and refixed into growing peat was estimated. The fraction of soil carbon dioxide taken up by the contemporary Sphagnum sward was thus found to be in the order of 20%.
Keywords: Moss increment dating, peatlands, radiocarbon, Sphagnum
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Tolonen,
Dept. of Biology, Univ. Joensuu, P.O. Box III, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Possnert, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Jungner, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sonninen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Alm, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Changes in the carbon balance of forested mires in Karelia due to drainage.
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The carbon balance of undrained and drained parts of a herb-rich pine fen mire ecosystem were calculated. The drainage had been carried out twenty years earlier. Drainage resulted in an increase of 1.23 t C ha-1 a-1 within the ecosystem. The increase was due to increased stand production, which exceeded a loss of carbon from the peat (-0.32 t ha-1 a-1).
Keywords: Peat, peatland forestry, phytomass, Russia
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Sakovets,
Karelian Science Centre, Forest Institute, Pushkinskaja II, 185610 Petrozavodsk, Russia
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Germanova, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Differences in response of two Sphagnum species to elevated CO2 and nitrogen input.
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Cushions of Sphagnum fuscum and S. angustifolium were grown in the laboratory in four different C02 concentrations (350, 700, 1 000, and 2 000 ppm) and N deposition levels (0, 10, 30, and 100 kg ha-1 a-1). The same N deposition levels were also applied in the field. C02 concentration increased both the shoot density and dry mass of S. fuscum but decreased the length increment. There was no net effect on production. For S. angustifolium, shoot density did not alter with elevated C02 con-centration but the C02 induced increment in dry mass and length caused increased production. S. angustifolium suffered from nutrient deficiency on the 0 kg N ha-1a-1 treatment and S. fuscum had difficulties to survive at the heaviest N load. No clear trends in length increment or cover was noticed in the field study during the first year.
Keywords: Bryophyte ecology, climate change, peatlands, production
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Jauhiainen,
University of Joensuu, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80I0I Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vasander, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silvola, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Simulation of peat accumulation: an aid in carbon cycling research.
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Some preliminary results of a technique used to compare primary production and peat accumulation data mainly from published sources and the results of a peat accumulation simulation model are presented. Emphasis is on differences among micro-sites (hummock, lawn, hollow and pool) and among various Sphagnum species (S.fuscum, S. magellanicum, S. cuspidatum and S. balticum) associated with raised bogs. The primary production of lawns and pools were significantly greater than those of hummocks and hollows. Sphagnum balticum had the highest primary production (mean = 339 g m-2 a-1). Over 90% of the primary production of Sphagnum fuscum is accumulated while for the other Sphagnum species, the value is <50%. The data are used in a simulation model to show the influence on primary production of a doubling of rainfall over a 50-year period.
Keywords: Meta-analysis, peatland, primary production, Sphagnum
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Dierendock,
Hugo de Vries Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, J 098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Factors affecting methane production in peat soils.
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Two main factors control the rates of methane production in peat (in senso microbial formation of methane): the water table level and the chemical characteristics of the peat material. The water table restricts oxygen penetration into the peat because of the much slower diffusion of gases in water compared to gaseous phases. The oxygen distribution will govern the location of the strictly anaerobic, methanogenic bacteria in the peat profile. The degree of waterlogging will also influence the availability of the peat plant material for microbial decomposition, when it reaches the anaerobic zone. In waterlogged environments, the surface litter will quickly enter anoxic conditions. In such environments, high methane formation potentials are often found in the uppermost peat layers. Where the water table is positioned further down in the peat profile, a higher proportion of the easily degradable compounds are degraded under oxic conditions and therefore gone by the time the litter enters the anoxic layers. Lignified organic matter reaching the anaerobic zone will be little further degraded. This effect is most likely to be compounded if the nitrogen content of the litter is low. The net flux of methane from peat surfaces is highly dependent on the extent of microbial methane oxidation in the peat profile. Methane oxidizing bacteria need oxygen for the primary oxidation of methane and for their oxygen dependent respiration. The oxygen distribution, and hence the water table position, will therefore also affect the activity of the methanotrophic bacteria. Typically, highest methane oxidation activity is found around the most frequent position of the water table. At this level, high concentrations of methane meet oxygen diffusing down from the peat surface. Methane oxidation potentials in peat have been observed to correlate with the level of the water table, the concentration of methane just below this level, and in some sub-habitats, with the emissions of methane. Field studies have also shown that comparatively dry environments with fluctuating water table levels may act as sinks as well as sources for atmospheric methane. Some habitats show diurnal rhythms, with higher emissions during night. This is probably due to temperature limitation of the methanotrophic bacteria during the night.
Keywords: Carbon flow, methanogenic bacteria, methanotrophic bacteria, mire ecology
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Svensson,
Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7025, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sundh, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Methods for studying below-ground production in mire ecosystems.
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Difficulties in separating fine roots from a purely organic matrix preclude the use of traditional root-harvesting techniques when studying the below-ground production of the field layer species in mires. Also methods based on different types of installations, such as ingrowth chambers or rhizotrons, cause a significant disturbance of the root environment. Indirect techniques using isotope-labelling avoid many of these problems and are the most suited for studying below-ground processes in peatlands. A technique based on translocation of 14C to the peat through the fine roots is demonstrated to evaluate the vascular plant biomass distribution in hummocks of a subarctic and a boreonemoral peat bog respectively. The technique fails to distinguish between structural and labile carbon and overestimates therefore the fine root biomass, but is useful for comparative purposes. It is shown that different mire plants have species-specific below-ground distributions, and that a proportionately greater share of carbon is allocated to fine roots in subarctic conditions.
Keywords: Andromeda, Calluna, Empetrum, Eriophorum,root biomass, Rubus,translocation
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Wallén,
Department of Plant Ecology, Lund University, Östra Vallgatan 14, S-223 61 Lund, Sweden
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Uuttuva sinkki viljellyissä eloperaisissa maissa.
English title: Extractability of zinc in cultivated organic soils.
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The AAAc-EDTA extractable Zn content in mould soils (2,3±2,0 mg/ l soil) was not dependent on the total Zn content. In peat soils the extractable Zn content (2,0±1,9 mg/l soil) increased with the increase in total Zn content. The proportion of extractable Zn to the total Zn was less than 8% in Zn deficient mould soils but about 40% in Zn sufficient mould soils. In peat soils the corresponding proportions were 30% and 60%. In mould soils the increases in humus content and acidity caused an increase of AAAc-EDTA extractable Zn. In peat soils extractable Zn content increased with increasing humus content up to 65%. The extractable Zn content was highest between pH values 5,0 and 5,5.
Keywords: Extractable zinc, humus content, mould soil, peat soil, pH, total zinc
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Urvas,
Agricultural Research Centre of Finland, Institute of Soils and Environment, SF-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Jokinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hyvärinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Tuhka-ajoitusmenetelmän ja sammalvuosikasvainajoituksen vertailu rahkamättäissä.
English title: A comparison of ash dating and moss-increment dating in Sphagnum hummocks.
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A comparison of two methods for dating recent ombrotrophic peat hummocks was made at three mires. For depths approximately below 10 cm, acid insoluble ash dating gave greater ages than moss-increment dating; for depths above 10 cm, the methods showed more similar ages. The moss-increment dates were assumed to be generally correct since there was a good correlation between several independent dating results and moss-increment ages at one of the study sites. Despite the declining accuracy of moss-increment dating with depth, it should be the method chosen for dating recent peat in areas where the assumption of constant acid insoluble ash deposition is invalid. Increment dating is practically useful only in the moss hummocks, except for when the moss stems have been compressed into a horizontal position.
Keywords: Dating, mineral dust, peatlands, Sphagnum, surface peats
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Eustis,
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, P.O. Box U-42, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tolonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Rahkasammalesta turpeeksi, A.K. Cajanderin erään vanhan näytesarjan tarkastelua.
English title: From living Sphagnum to peat: a re-analysis of old material collected by A.K. Cajander.
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The peat formation time scale in the acrotelm was evaluated using the rate of burial of the root collars and the tree age of buried Scots pine stems in the surface peat. The data were originally presented, but unanalysed, by A.K. Cajander (1906). During the first 30 years after the germination of pine seed the Sphagnum carpet above the root level increased its thickness without noticeable compression and decomposition. During the following 20-30 years the decomposition increased, but the growth of Sphagnum also decreased. A third phase began after 55-60 years during which the growth of Sphagnum was compensated by decomposition.
Keywords: Acrotelm, peat formation, Sphagnum growth
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Lindholm,
Water and Environment Research Office (Nature Conservation), Water and Environment Research Institute, P.O. Box 250, SF-0010! Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Korpirämeet ja karut korvet suomalaisissa suoluokitusjärjestelmissä.
English title: The place of spruce-pine mires and oligotrophic spruce mires in Finnish peatland site type classifications.
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In Finland three different mire classification systems can be distinguished: 1) those for ecological purposes based on detailed botanical surveys, 2) those for scientific forestry research purposes, and 3) more extensive systems for practical forestry purposes. All systems are based upon Cajan-der's site-type principle whereby habitats which are ecologically similar are considered to support a similar vegetation. The classification (site type names, analogy/correspondence, nutrient status level) of spruce-pine mires and oligotrophic spruce mires according to the above-mentioned systems is compared. Some criticism concerning especially the confusing naming of the same type is presented. The varying post-drainage suc-cession in these site type groups is also discussed. Finally an attempt to distinguish the more oligotrophic spruce-pine mires from the less oligotrophic ones is made.
Keywords: Drainage, mire classification, site type, succession, trophy
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Hotanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Station, P.O. Box 68, SF-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Maatumisen vaikutus rahka- ja saraturpeista orgaanisilla liuottimilla uuttautuvan aineksen koostumukseen.
English title: Effect of humification on the composition of the solvent-extractable matter in Sphagnum and Carex peats.
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Solvent-extractable matter of Sphagnum (S) and Carex (C) peats of different degrees of humification (S, H2-H8; C, H3-H8) were isolated, saponified and analyzed. The C peat material was found to contain more extract than the S peat (C, 9.3%; S, 5.9%, on average). In both peat series the extract content increased with increasing degree of humification. In both peats the unsaponifiable, non-volatile polymeric matter comprised the biggest part, nearly one half on average, of the saponified extracts, which also were analyzed for their lipid components and other volatile materials. These fractions accounted for over one third and nearly one fifth, respectively. The total amounts of all these three categories generally increased, as did those of the individual lipid groups, with increasing humification. However, the relative minimum of the polymers and the relative maximum of the analyzed lipid compounds were found in the samples of H4 in both peat series. Fatty and ω-hydroxy acids were the most abundant lipid groups, together accounting for 70-90% of the analyzed lipids. Sterols and 1-alkanols were clearly more abundant in the S peat. The relative amounts of the lipid groups did not show a distinct dependence on the degree of humification in either peat series. The individual lipid group compositions of both peat types were very similar although some exceptions were found.
Keywords: Carex , humification, peat lipids, Sphagnum
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Lehtonen,
Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ketola, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Haihu, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pihlaja, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Espoon keidassoiden luonteesta ja kehityksestä — esimerkkinä Nupurilan Kotasuo.
English title: On the character and development of the raised bogs in Espoo, Southern Finland — exemplified by the Kotasuo bog.
Avainsanat:
mire types;
Cladoceran stratigraphy;
mire evolution;
mire stratigraphy;
terrestrialization
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Present character and natural history of 13 raised bogs in Espoo, S. Finland were studied by means of morphological, ecological and palaeo-eco-logical methods including 11 radiocarbon datings. Special attention was paid to the hydroseral development of Kotasuo bog by using plant and Cladoceran remains in the interpretation of ancient lake basins terrestriali-zation. The bogs were divided into three morphological groups according to their gross morphological (Grossform) features. The main type of mire formation was showed to be terrestrialization. Filling-in of the ancient lake basins was most common during the late boreal and early subboreal periods. The first mire type in Kotasuo was floristically rich, luxurious Phrag-mites-Typha-Carex fen.
Keywords: Cladoceran stratigraphy, mire evolution, mire stratigraphy, mire types, terrestrialization
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Korhola,
Department of Geography, University of Helsinki, Hallituskatu 11, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ravinteiden huuhtoutuminen talvella lannoitetulta metsäojitusalueelta.
English title: Leaching of nutrients from a peatland area after fertilizer application on snow.
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Runoff from 16 artificial minibasins was sampled after fertilizer application before snowmelt in March and after it in May. Extremely high concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and ammonium were observed during the snowmelt period in April.
Key words: fertilization, leaching, peatland, phosphorus
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Ahti,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Department of Peatland Forestry, P.O. Box 18,01301 Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Paarlahti, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Havaintoja rahkasammallajeista ja niiden suhteista kasvillisuuteen ja ympäristötekijöihin Bromarvin Östanberg Stormossenilla.
English title: Observations on Sphagnum species and their relation to vegetation and ecological factors in Östanberg Stormossen, southern Finland.
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The relations between Sphagnum species, vegetation, and the macrotopographical and microtopographical environmental gradients of a plateau bog located on the southern coast of Finland were studied. A profile was levelled from the mire margin to the mire centre and 16 sample plots were located along the profile. The vegetation of each sample plot was described using coverage percentages. The mire water level, pH, and specific conductivity were measured for each plot. Samples of the capitula of different species of Sphagnum were taken and they were measured for water content. Hummock surfaces were predominant in the mire centre. The hollows were relatively dry ombrotrophic small sedge bogs. The mire margin fen was mostly mesotrophic. In the northern part of the mire there was also a eutrophic flark fen. In the mire centre the pH was 4 or less and the specific conductivity ranged from 10 to 25 µS/cm. In the mire margin fen the pH ranged from 4.7 to 5.7 and the specific conductivity was c. 50 µS/cm. The water content of the capitula of the Sphagna was in general high, ranging from 300 to 3000 %. In the hollows of the mire centre the water content of Sphagnum tenellum was as low as 15 %.
Key words: mire vegetation, ecology, plateau bog, water content, Sphagnum.
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Heikkilä,
Department of Geography, University of Helsinki, Hallituskatu 11, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Löytönen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turpeentuhkan vaikutuksesta puuston kasvuun ja ravinnetilaan käytännön lannoitustyömailla.
English title: Growth and foliar nutrients in peat-ash fertilized stands.
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This study included growth and needle analysis in ash-fertilized spruce and pine stands near Oulu (65 °N, 26 °E). Most of these stands, totalling 770 measured trees, were on peat and fertilized in wintertime 1980 and 1981 as practical work with 40 m3/ha. By 1985 there was a clear increment of growth, especially in spruce stands, probably due to the great amount of phosphorus (375 kg/ha) applied.
Keywords: peatland forestry, tree growth, ash-fertilization, phosphorus.
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Silfverberg,
Department of Peatland Forestry, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Unioninkatu 40 A, 00170 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ojituksen ja lannoituksen vaikutukset sammalten typpi- ja fosforipitoisuuksiin kahdella suomuuttumalla.
English title: Effects of drainage and fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorus contents of mosses in two drained peatland forests.
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The short-term effects of wood ash, PK and NPK fertilizers on total N and P contents of various mosses at an old drainage area in eastern Finland are studied.
Total N contents increased after NPK treatment and total P contents increased after treatments that contained phosphorus (NPK, PK, wood ash). N contents of some mosses also increased after treatments which did not contain any nitrogen (PK and wood ash). On these plots drainage and obviously the fertilizer treatment fastened the decomposition rate of the peat and at the same time the mobilization of the nutrients.
On the control plots (no fertilization) the N contents of the mosses did not differ statistically between the years in either of the study sites. The P contents of some mosses decreased on the control plots of the spruce swamp. One reason for this was apparently the level of the ground water, which did not lower so much in the spruce swamp than in the pine mire, and so the mobilization of the nutrients remained smaller.
The observed nutrient contents of the peat mosses were much smaller than those of the forest mosses and the nutrient contents were also smaller at pine mire than at spruce swamp.
Keywords: bryophytes, fertilization, drained peatlands, nitrogen, phosphorus.
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Jäppinen,
University of Joensuu. Department of Biology. P.O. Box 111, SF-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Sammalpallomenetelmä lyijysulaton päästöjen tutkimuksessa.
English title: Monitoring lead emissions with moss bags near a lead smelter in southern Finland.
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Moss (Sphagnum) bags were used to study the deposition of lead near a lead smelter in Vantaa, southern Finland, during 1983—1986. Pit-furnace and refining smelting were carried out. However, in March 1984 pit-furnace smelting ceased. The content of lead in moss bags increased clearly with decreasing distance from the source. The values were clearly smaller after the change in smelting process. Besides the moss bag method we also compared moss bags with other methods (deposition, suspended particles, snow sampling). There existed highly significant correlations between moss bag and other methods. The moss bag method enables a dense monitoring net and was found to be a rapid, easy and inexpensive way of monitoring the intensity and distribution of lead pollution.
Key words: lead, air pollution, monitoring, moss bags, Sphagnum.
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Vasander,
University of Helsinki, Department of Peatland Forestry, Unioninkatu 40 B, SF-00170 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Mikkola, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Timotein (Phleum pratense) sinkkipitoisuus turvemaalla.
English title: The zinc content of timothy (Phleum pratense) grown on peat soil.
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The zinc contents of timothy grown on peat soils generally low in zinc were considerably raised by zinc fertilization, even when applied at the low rate of 550 g Zn/ha, in combination with other micronutrients. On peat soil groups with average extrac-table zinc contents of 0,60, 1,40 and 7,22 mg/1 the mean zinc contents of timothy before fertilization were 25,6, 27,1 and 28,9 and after fertilization 28,6, 34,8 and 36,4 mg/kg D.M., respectively. The corresponding increases were 11, 28 and 26 per cent. In general, the zinc contents of timothy in this study did not differ essentially from those measured elsewhere in Finland.
Key words: Phleum pratense, zinc content, agriculture, peat soil, P/Zn.
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Urvas,
Agricultural Research Centre, Department of Soil Science, SF-3J600 Jokioinen, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Sphagnum-sammaleen sienilääkepotentiaali kasvualustoissa.
English title: Antifungal potential of Sphagnum moss in growing media.
Original keywords:
Alternaria brassicicola;
Penicillium spp.;
Peziza ostracoderma;
Pythium ultimum;
Sfagnum-sammaleen korjuu
English keywords:
Alternaria brassicicola;
Penicillium spp.;
Peziza ostracoderma;
Pythium ultimum;
Sphagnum moss harvesting
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Kanelihome (Peziza ostracoderma Korf) ja Penicillium spp. ei koskaan kasva elävän Sphagnum sammalalustan pinnalla. Sphagnum sammalalustan sieniä estävä vaikutus toimii myös tärkeimpiä maaperän ja siemenistä leviäviä kasvien sienitauteja vastaan. Hyviä esimerkkejä estovaikutuksesta ovat siemenlevintäinen Alternaria-taimipoltteen torjunta kaalin taimista ja maaperässä leviävät Pythium-juuristotaudit kurkulla. Taudintorjuntavaikutus vaihtelee huomattavasti soiden välillä. Tehokkain sammalerä sai lähes täydellisen suojan Pythium-taimipoltetta vastaan. Parhaat antifungaaliset ominaisuudet löytyivät lähes puhtaista Sphagnum sammalseoksista, jotka olivat muodostuneet viimeisten 11, 40 ja 64 vuoden aikana edellisen sammalkorjuun jälkeen, ja hallitsevat lajit olivat muita kuin kohosuon yleisin laji Sphagnum fuscum (Schimp). H. Klinggr. Kun sammalta kuivattiin 60o tai 70 °C:n lämpötilassa, antifungaalinen vaikutus parani merkittävästi. Taimet pysyivät terveinä vähintään kaksi viikkoa, kun taas suuri osa taimista sairastui käsittelemättömissä sammaleissa. Kun Sphagnum sammalta pidettiin kuivana, antifungaalinen ominaisuus pysyi muuttumattomana useita vuosia. Pisin mitattu säilyvyysaika oli kuusi vuotta. Sammaleiden mikrobipitoisuudet osoittivat, että sammal, joka oli korjattu 10–30 cm:n syvyydestä tai pidetty kuivana 4 vuotta, oli käytännössä vapaa elävistä sienistä ja bakteereista. Soiden ylemmästä 0–10 cm:n kerroksesta korjattu sammal sisälsi mitattavissa pitoisuuksia Penicillium spp. sieniä ja bakteereita, mutta pitoisuudet olivat vain murto-osa vaalean Sphagnum-turpeen pitoisuuksista. Kun kaurajauhoa lisättiin voimakkaasti tauteja hillitsevään sammaleeseen, sammalen tauteja ehkäisevä vaikutus hävisi kokonaan. Sammalnäytteissä, jotka olivat luonnostaan täysin estäneet Pythium-taudin aktiivisuuden kahden viikon ajan, P. ultimum Trow -sieni oli täysin elossa, kun sammalnäyte siirrettiin runsaasti ravinteita sisältävään perunadekstroosiagariin (PDA). Mikrobimääritysten ja lämpökäsittelykokeiden perusteella Sphagnum sammalen antimikrobinen ominaisuus perustuu lähes yksinomaan elävän sammalen itsensä tuottamiin kemikaaleihin ja vaikutustapa sienitauteja vastaan on fungistaattinen (antifungaalien). Vain yksi sammalnäyte tuotti antibiootin kaltaisen estoalueen patogeenille PDA-maljalla. Tätä sammalta oli säilytetty kuivassa 6 vuotta, jolloin siinä ei ollut häiritseviä mikrobeja.
-
Tahvonen,
Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke)
Sähköposti:
risto.tahvonen@kolumbus.fi
- Silvan, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke) Sähköposti: niko.silvan@luke.fi
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