Artikkelit jotka sisältää sanan 'bog'
Keidassuon pintakuvioituksen muutokset viimeisten 82 vuoden aikana Pyhtään Munasuolla.
English title: Changes in the surface patterning in the raised bog Munasuo, SE Finland during the past 82 years.
Original keywords:
keidassuo;
kermi;
kulju;
allikko;
ruoppakulju;
välipinta;
progressiivinen kehitys;
ilmaston muutos;
hiilen sidonta
English keywords:
raised bog;
mud-bottom hollow;
mud-bottom pool;
carbon sequestration;
hummock ridge;
progressive development of mire
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Työssä tarkastellaan tyypillisen kaakkoissuomalaisen laakiokeitaan, Pyhtään Munasuon, kasvillisuuden ja pintarakenteiden muutoksia 82 vuoden ajanjaksolla 1941–2022. Aineisto perustuu ilmakuviin ja maastohavaintoihin. Täydennyksenä esitetään muutamia havaintoja myös Munasuon itäpuolisen Valkmusan-Kananiemensuon suokompleksin alueelta. Pohdimme tekijöitä, jotka mahdollisesti selittävät havaittuja muutoksia. Työmme liittyy ajankohtaiseen tutkimukseen, jossa selvitetään ilmastonmuutoksen vaikutuksia soiden kasvillisuuteen.
Työssä käytetty ImageJ-ohjelmisto osoittautui käyttökelpoiseksi työkaluksi suoallikoiden, ruoppakuljujen ja keidassuon pintarakenteiden, kuljujen ja mättäiden, sekä suurempien puiden havaitsemiseen ilmakuvissa. Pintatopografiassa mättäät ja kermit osoittautuivat varsin pysyviksi, kun taas kuljuissa, ruoppakuljuissa ja allikoissa oli enemmän vaihtelua. Mättäiden rahkasammalten, erityisesti rusorahkasammalen (Sphagnum rubellum) suhteellisen peittävyyden lisääntyminen kuljusammallajiston kustannuksella sekä allikoiden avovesipinnan nopea pienentyminen saattaa osaltaan ilmentää hiilensidonnan merkittävää viimeaikaista kasvua Munasuon keidassuoekosysteemissä.
Suomen suosysteemit - erityistarkastelussa aapasuot ja niiden vedenvirtauskuviointi.
English title: Mire systems in Finland - special view to aapa mires and their water-flow pattern.
Avainsanat:
mire classification;
raised bog;
aapa mire;
groundwater;
mire hydrology;
aerial photograph interpretation;
peatland morphology;
slope fen
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An attempt is made in this paper to create two consistent mire typologies, i.e. 1) the Combined Finnish Mire Typology covering all possible mire areas in Finland and 2) the Mire Water Flow Typology for boreal, zonal mire systems, i.e. aapa mires and raised bogs. Furthermore, larger groundwater recharge-discharge patterns concerning mires and the biological significance of morphologic and hydrologic mire classifications are discussed. Zonal mire systems from raised bogs to aapa mires are described as a dominance-based continuum. Local mire systems are subdivided according to factors that impede the formation of mire massifs, which are the essential morphological units of zonal mire systems. Smaller-scale mire units for aapa mires and the acrotelmic flow pattern are presented on the basis of a typical mid-boreal aapa mire system with a raised bog, based on the aerial photograph interpretation. The discussion of the groundwater recharge-discharge pattern and the biological significance of morphologic and hydrologic mire classifications is based on literature.
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Laitinen,
University of Oulu, Department of Biology, Botany, P.O.Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Rehell, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Huttunen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tahvanainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Luonnontilaisten soiden pitkänajan- ja nykykertymät boreaalisella ja subarktisella kasvillisuusvyöhykkeellä: katsaus.
English title: Past and present carbon accumulation in undisturbed boreal and subarctic mires: a review.
Avainsanat:
fens;
climate change;
carbon accumululation;
bogs;
boreal region;
subarctic region;
Holocene
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This review integrates the results from several recent studies on carbon (C) accumulation in undisturbed boreal and subarctic mire ecosystems in Finland, Sweden, Russia, Canada, and USA. Generally, a large variation in the average long-term apparent rate of carbon accumulation (LORCA) has been found among mires based on the mire type, age and geographical location. The differences in LORCA between the raised bog region and the aapa mire regions were found to be significant. The updated LORCA for undrained boreal and subarctic mire regions has been estimated at 13–20 g C m–2 a–1 throughout the Holocene, which is clearly lower than previous estimates for these northern mire regions. The age of the peat column is an important predictor of C accumulation and has to be taken into account when comparing results. The results indicate a rapid mire expansion in southern Finland from ca. 10 500 to 8500 cal. year BP, from 5000 to 3000 cal. year BP and around 2000 cal. year BP. In northern Finland the extensive mire expansion occurred from ca. 10500 to 8000 cal. year BP. The recent apparent rate of C accumulation (RERCA) in boreal and subarctic mire regions over the past 100 to 200 years ranges from 30 to 120 g C m-2 a-1. The future C balance scheme of mires is also briefly discussed. Key words: carbon accumulation, bogs, fens, boreal region, subarctic region, Holocene, climate change
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Turunen,
Geological Survey of Finland, Kuopio Unit, P.O. Box 1237, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Early 20th century Russian peat scientists as possible vectors for the establishment of Calluna vulgaris in Georgian Sphagnum bogs.
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In the summer of 2000, a stand of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull was found in the Ispani 2 bog near Kobuleti, being the first known occurrence of this species in Georgia (Transcaucasia). Pollen analysis of a peat core from the Calluna vulgaris stand shows that the species established itself there around 1920/1930. Dispersal by migrating birds, deliberate introduction as a garden plant, and unintentional introduction with cultural products are shown to have been improbable vectors for introduction far from the species’ main distribution area. It is concluded that Calluna vulgaris may have been accidentally introduced by Russian peat scientists and prospectors that were active in the area around the time of establishment.
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Kaffke,
Botanical Institute, Grimmer Straße 88 D-17487 Greifswald, Germany
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Matchutadze, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Couwenberg, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Joosten, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Patterns in Estonian bogs as depicted in color kite aerial photographs.
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Kite aerial photography (KAP) was conducted at three bogs in east-central and southwestern Estonia to further investigate the possibilities of this technique for mire research. Color-visible and color-infrared photographs were acquired in all orientations with film and digital cameras. Individual objects can be identified in vertical photographs in the size range 10 to 30 cm, which allows for microstructural investigations. Color-visible photographs reveal distinct color and texture zones in the vegetation cover of bogs, and water pools form a strong contrast with emergent vegetation. The intricate patterns of emergent, floating and submerged vegetation are portrayed clearly, and the boundary is defined sharply between emergent and floating moss at pool margins. Distinct color and texture zones of plant cover represent specific vegetation communities. Color-infrared photographs depict active photosynthesis of floating and emergent moss (Sphagnum sp.) in narrow zones (1–2 m wide) at pool margins. The high level of photosynthesis in such narrow zones may have significant implications for development of bog morphology, biomass accumulation, methane emission, and other environmental factors. Numerous small water bodies are more abundant than anticipated and may be more common than is generally recognized on conventional airphotos or satellite images. Multi-view angle imagery displays considerable variations in reflectivity of bog cover materials for different viewing directions. Special lighting effects, such as sun glint and the hot spot, are more prominent in color-infrared pictures, because of darker shadows. Our field experience demonstrates that kite aerial photographs may provide a basis for microstructural mapping and analysis of complex bogs within a multi-scale approach to mire investigations.
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Aber,
Earth Science Department, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas 66801 U.S.A.
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Aaviksoo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Karofeld, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Aber, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Latvian suot.
English title: Mires in Latvia.
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Both minerotrophic (fens and transitional mires) and ombrotrophic (raised bogs) mires
occur in Latvia. Distribution of mires and diversity of mire vegetation are determined
by geology of area, origin of mires and climatic differences between coastal and continental
parts of Latvia. Fens started to develop in the early Holocene in the Preboreal
10 000 years BP. Later, during the Atlantic many fens transformed into transitional
mires and gradually into raised bogs. Today Latvian mires are represented by all these
types and they cover 4.9% of the country. Mires are protected in the North Vidzeme
Biosphere Reserve, National Parks (Slitere, Kemeri and Gauja), Strict Nature Reserves
(TeiEi, Krustkalni and Gripi), Nature parks and 140 nature reserves, as well as in protected
landscape areas.
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Pakalne,
Department of Botany and Ecology, university of Latvia, Kronvalda Boulevard 4, LV-1586, Riga, Latvia
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kalnina, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Development of the Hautes-Fagnes peat bogs (Belgium): new perspectives using ground-penetrating radar.
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A 800 ha area of drained peatlands in the Hautes-Fagnes (Belgium) was surveyed by means of a ground-penetrating radar and a global positioning system.The survey pro vided very accurate information about the subsurface relief and the thickness and extent of the peat deposit, as well as stratigraphical information and suggestions of possible links between subsurface, hydrology and present vegetation.
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Wastiaux,
Université de Liège, Station scientifique des Hautes-Fagnes, rue de Botrange, 137, B-4950 Robertville, Belgium
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Halleux, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Scumacker, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Streel, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Jacqmotte, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Sadannan vaikutus vedenpinnan tasoon kohosuolla.
English title: Impact of precipitation on the water table level of different ombrotrophic raised bog complexes, central Estonia.
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The impact of precipitation on the water table level of different complexes on an ombrotrophic raised bog during a year (long-term effect) and a rain shower (short-term effect) was investigated on the basis of the data collected in the Männikjärve raised bog, Central Estonia, over the period of 1956-1991. The regression analysis showed that the effect of precipitation on the mean annual level of the water table depended on the bog complex and time-span considered. In the long-term scale the mean annual water table level depended strongly on the water table level of the previous year. The yearly amount of precipitation affected the water table level of the current year less. These effects were greater in the central pool-ridge complex than in the marginal pine bog forest. On the short-term scale, prerainfall water level affected the water level rise less than the amount of rainfall. The water level rise depended on the prerainfall water level in the central part of the bog (R2 = 0.22), but not in the marginal pine bog forest (R2 = 0.04). The effect of rainfall was of greater importance, explaining as much as 67-75% of the variation in the water level rise.
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Valgma,
Institute of Ecology, Kevade St. 2, Tallinn, EE 0001, Estonia
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kasvukautiset vaihtelut pohjois-italialaisen suon vesikemiassa.
English title: Seasonal changes in water chemistry in a bog on the Southern Alps.
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Concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium were periodically measured in precipitation and in pool water in a bog on the Southern Alps during the 1991 vegetative season. A simple model was established for calculating theoretical concentrations of those cations in bog water, taking into account the effect of potential evapotranspiration. The actual concentrations of cations in bog water were then compared with the theoretical ones and this allowed to define different seasonal patterns of cation concentrations. Sodium accumulated in bog water with respect to precipitation, to an extent far exceeding the enrichment due to evaporation. A possible explanation of this resides in a surface enrichment owing to capillary flow. Potassium, and to a lesser extent magnesium, accumulated in spring and autumn but were actively removed by plants in summer. Calcium was removed also outside the growing season, probably by cation exchange on peat.
Keywords: bog water, cations, evapotranspiration, precipitation, seasonal variation.
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Bragazza,
Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Padua, Via Gradenigo 6, 1-35131 Padua, Italy
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Leaching in the material balance of peatlands — preliminary results.
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The hydrology and hydrochemistry of Lakkasuo (Orivesi, central Finland) was studied for a 12-month period (September 1991-August 1992). Results from four monitored catchments in Lakkasuo are presented. The catchments represent a bog and a fen, both in the natural state and as drained for forestry 30 years ago. In the relatively wet study period (runoff 414 mm for the undrained bog), the catchments released 8.0-16.6 g m-2 of organic carbon (mainly dissolved) into runoff waters. All the catchments retained total N and sulphate provided by deposition or groundwater very effectively (65-80% and 52-72%, respectively); undrained catchments retained also total P. The net output rates of all the elements except H+ were greater from the drained catchments compared with the undrained ones. The leaching rates of Mg and Ca from the drained catchments were great compared with the pool of these elements in the surface peat, whereas the K pool is more effectively retained and added to by deposition.
Keywords: Bog, fen, hydrochemistry, hydrology
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Sallantaus,
National Board of Waters and the Environment, Water and Environment District of Tampere, P.O. Box 297, FIN-30I0I Tampere, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Methane oxidation and methane fluxes in two drained peat soils.
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Methane production and consumption in drained minerotrophic and ombrotrophic peat was investigated using a combination of field measurement and laboratory incubations. In the field, methane fluxes were measured at intervals over a seven (minerotrophic) and ten (ombrotrophic) month period together with measurements of methane concentrations and temperature at various depths. In the laboratory, aerobic incubations of drained peat samples from various depths were conducted over a range of temperatures to determine rates of potential methane oxidation. The maximum potential methane oxidation rate occurred at a depth close to that of the water table. The oxidation rate was much higher in the ombrotrophic peat than in the minerotrophic peat. However, field measured methane fluxes were lower in the minerotrophic peat. This is attributed to a relatively low water table. Methane oxidation increased over the temperature range 2 to 30°C and decreased at temperatures >34°C. Methane production in the aerobic incubation experiment was measured by inhibition of methane oxidation with dimethyl ether. Production rates were only 1-7% of net oxidation rates. Thus, the measured net rates of methane absorption in aerobic incubations largely reflect gross oxidation rates.
Keywords: Bog, fen, temperature, water level
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Lien,
Department of Biotechnological Sciences, Agricultural University of Norway, P.O. Box 5040, N-I432 Aas, Norway
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Martikainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Nykänen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Bakken, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ranskan suot ja niiden käyttö.
English title: The peatlands in France: localization, characteristics, use and conservation.
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We find in France two main peatlands-types: topogenous Carex-fens, in the north and east of the country, and ombrogenous Sphagnum-bogs, in the medium montanes. In total, there are about 100 000 ha peatlands which correspond to a volume of 2 x 109 m3. The amount of extracted peat in France was, in the eighties, 200 000 t (dry matter). Peat is essentially used as fuel or, mixed with German or Soviet peat, as soilless substrates. The fens of the floodplains have long been used for market gardening (tradition of 'hortillonnages' in Amiens or Bourges). Two national surveys were made during energy crises, during the Second World War and at the end of the 1970s following the oil shortage. The law of July 1976 on the preservation of the countryside lists 19 peatlands plant species that are nationally protected. Ten peatlands have been classified as nature reserves and two projects are in preparation.
Keywords: agriculture, bog, fen, peat utilization
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Francez,
C.ER.E.M.CA., rue du Tisserand, Rouil-las-Bas, F-63 970 Aydat, France
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Bignon, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Mollet, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lannoituksen vaikutus rämemännikon kasvuun ja rakenteeseen.
English title: Effect of fertilization on the growth and structure of a Scots pine stand growing on an ombrotrophic bog.
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NPK fertilization increased volume growth by 6.3 m3 ha-1 and PK fertilization by 4.3 m3 ha-1 within six years after nutrient application. The results indicate that dominant and co-dominant trees respond to fertilization better than suppressed ones, and that the trees close to the ditches benefit almost as much from fertilization as those in the middle of the strip. NPK fertilization also increased the mortality of the intermediate trees.
Keywords: bog, drainage, increment, Pinus sylvestris, tree class
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Finér,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Station, P. O. Box 68, SF-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Irlannin suot ja niiden suojelu.
English title: Irish mires and their conservation.
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Originally over 17 per cent of the land area of Ireland was covered by mires. The Irish and Scotch occurrences of blanket bogs are among the most important in the world. There have also been excellent raised bog areas especially in the low-lying central plateau of Ireland. Due to turf burning, peat extraction and drying of peatlands during hundreds of years, the occurrence of mires in their natural state is becoming rare. Only some 100 000 hectares of scientifically and conservationally valuable peatlands are remaining, which is less than 10 per cent of the total peatland area of the country. Increasing international and national pressures for mire conservation have forced the Irish government to define goals for national mire conservation. According to the programme, 10 000 ha of raised bogs (3.2% of the original raised bog areas) and 40 000 ha of blanket bogs (5.2% of the original blanket bog areas), as well as a couple of thousand hectares of the remnants of the rich open fens are to be preserved. Yet, there are not adequate preservation resources available. Only one-third of the mire protection goals have been achieved.
Keywords: Blanket bogs, Ireland, raised bogs
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Salminen,
Ministry of Environment, P.O. Box 399, SF-00121 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Havaintoja rahkasammallajeista ja niiden suhteista kasvillisuuteen ja ympäristötekijöihin Bromarvin Östanberg Stormossenilla.
English title: Observations on Sphagnum species and their relation to vegetation and ecological factors in Östanberg Stormossen, southern Finland.
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The relations between Sphagnum species, vegetation, and the macrotopographical and microtopographical environmental gradients of a plateau bog located on the southern coast of Finland were studied. A profile was levelled from the mire margin to the mire centre and 16 sample plots were located along the profile. The vegetation of each sample plot was described using coverage percentages. The mire water level, pH, and specific conductivity were measured for each plot. Samples of the capitula of different species of Sphagnum were taken and they were measured for water content. Hummock surfaces were predominant in the mire centre. The hollows were relatively dry ombrotrophic small sedge bogs. The mire margin fen was mostly mesotrophic. In the northern part of the mire there was also a eutrophic flark fen. In the mire centre the pH was 4 or less and the specific conductivity ranged from 10 to 25 µS/cm. In the mire margin fen the pH ranged from 4.7 to 5.7 and the specific conductivity was c. 50 µS/cm. The water content of the capitula of the Sphagna was in general high, ranging from 300 to 3000 %. In the hollows of the mire centre the water content of Sphagnum tenellum was as low as 15 %.
Key words: mire vegetation, ecology, plateau bog, water content, Sphagnum.
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Heikkilä,
Department of Geography, University of Helsinki, Hallituskatu 11, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Löytönen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Mätäs- ja painanneturpeen happi- ja lämpötilaoloista Kikeperan suolla Lounais-Eestissä.
English title: Aeration and temperature conditions in hummock and depression peat in Kikepera bog, south-western Estonia.
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Aeration conditions in peat were studied in situ with the help of polycarbonate tubes filled with water and inserted into the soil at depths of 3—10, 13—20 and 28—35 cm. The study was carried out during the vegetation period 1986. Aeration conditions were more favourable in hummock peat, where the thickness of the better aerated layer was ca. 10 cm in June and September, and 20—30 cm in July and August. Aera-tion conditions in the upper 10 cm layer of depression peat only became favourable in July, while in deeper layers aeration conditions remained unfavourable. In September, after heavy rains, aeration conditions deteriorated in both hummock and depression peat. The oxygen content in mire water was higher in depression sites, which may be because of the inflow of surface water rich in oxygen. The temperature in the tubes was higher in upper layers of hummocks and deeper layers of depressions. In comparison with other sites (Filipendula forest type on gley soils, drained peat soils, hill pastures, pine forest on podzols), the aeration conditions in bog peat are considerably less favourable.
Key words: peat, bog, hummock-depression variation, aeration, oxygen.
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Zobel,
Department of Botany and Ecology, Tartu State University Tartu 202400, Estonian SSR
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Rahkasammalten pieneläimistö kahdella Ranskan Keskiylängölla sijaitsevalla suolla.
English title: Sphagnum microfauna in two peat-bogs of the French Massif Central.
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The composition and the seasonal fluctuations of the Sphagnum microfauna in two peat-bogs of the Puy-de-Dôme (France) are described and the author attempts to show the importance of the dominant groups in the functioning of the peat-bog ecosystem.
Key words: peat-bog, mire ecosystem, microfauna, French Massif Central
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Francez,
Station Biologique de Besse-en-Chandesse, B.R 45, F-63J70 Aubiére, France
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Putkilokasvien esiintyminen soidensuojeluohjelmassa esitetyillä alueilla Etelä- ja Keski-Suomessa.
English title: Vascular plant species in planned mire conservation areas in southern and central Finland.
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The occurrence of the threatened and endangered vascular mire plant species was inventoried in the mire conservation areas in Finland. The survey was based on 246 sample plots (0.5 km × 0.5 km) randomly chosen in the Finnish mire conservation areas planned in 1981 in southern and central Finland. In the inventory, 243 vascular plant species and 2 hybrids were found in bog mires and 249 species and 10 hybrids were found in the southern aapa mires. The majority of the found mire plant species commonly occur on mires in Finland. In this survey, out of 18 threatened primary mire vascular plant species occurring in Finland, only three species (Carex heleonastes L. f., Dactylorhiza incarnata ssp. cruenta (O. F. Mull.) P. D. Sell, D. cruenta (O. F. Mull.) Verm, Orchis cruenta (O. F. Mull.) and Dactylorhiza traunsteineri) (Saut. ex Rchb.) Soo´, Orchis traunsteineri Saut. ex Rchb., Dactylorchis traunsteineri (Saut. ex Rchb.) Verm.; incl. Dactylorhiza curvifolia (F. Nyl.) Czerep.; incl. D russowii (Klinge) Holub and only one so called secondary mire plant species (Carex paniculata L.) were found in the sample plots. The found species occurred only on six mire conservation areas. Compared to the size of the material, the percentage of findings of threatened vascular plant species was remarkably low. It can be concluded that the complementary programs of the mire conservation in Finland have been important to protect the threatened vascular mire plants.
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Hanhela,
Oulu University of Applied Sciences, School of Renewable Natural Resources, Metsäkouluntie, FI-90650 Oulu
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
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