Articles containing the keyword 'suo'
Currently, in Finland, thousands of hectares of peat production areas are being transformed to the after-use phase for which there are multiple options, such as restoration, afforestation, cultivation, and production of solar and wind power. In Finland, the landowner decides what after-use option is implemented. When the after-use of the peat production areas is planned, multiple factors need to be accounted for, including environmental site characteristics, and landowner and stakeholder preferences. Therefore, there is a need for tools that help to choose the new land-uses for the areas. We have developed a multi-criteria assessment approach that is based on stakeholder workshops and includes eight steps: identification of stakeholders, definition of objectives for the after-use, examination of site characteristics, identification of after-use options, after-use impact assessment, weighting of objectives, synthesizing the results, and communicating the plan. We pilot the approach through three workshops in the Turvesuo-Miehonsuo peat production area in Oulu, northern Finland. The following three main after-use options have been identified: rewetting (including shallow water bodies, and active and passive restoration), spontaneous revegetation, and afforestation. It has been assessed which after-use option is suitable for which sub-area of the former peat production site and what kind of environmental impacts the after-uses have. The developed approach is suitable particularly to precede the detailed after-use planning when the different after-use options are scoped. Furthermore, the approach and the discussions in the workshops enable systematic evaluation of the after-use planning and social learning.
The aim of this study was to estimate the biomass potential of low-productive drained peatland forests in Finland. The study material consists of the measured biomass data from one low productive drained peatland stand at Lylynneva -mire, in Karvia municipality, Western Finland and a set of tree volume data of the National Forest Inventory (NFI 11, field measurements are carried out in whole country 2009–2013). Based on these datasets, we estimated the total amount of wood and its biomass for the same kind of low-productive sites in the whole country. The biomasses of the collected tree data were determined and calculated using standard methods, and statistical biomass models were developed to assess how the data used relates more generally to pine biomasses. In addition, the trunk biomass, canopy and root biomass were determined from the biomass samples of the biomass sample trees, as well as the surface peat and litter adhered to the root system at whole-tree harvesting. The calorific characteristics of biomass were determined with a view to energy use. According to the results, there are growing totally 37 billion m3 of trunk wood with a total biomass of about 30 M tons of tree biomass and additionally about 9 M tons of surface peat, mosses, and litter on about 800 000 hectares of these sites. The results showed that the amount of biomass on low-productive forestry drained peatlands is more than twofold when harvesting not only stems but also branches, stumps and roots as whole-tree harvesting, including also surface peat pulled out among the roots. One fifth of all biomasses harvested from the site consisted of surface peat. The utilizable biomasses on low-productive forestry drained peatlands are also significant bioenergy reserve. The whole-tree harvesting as a method could be supportive in terms of promoting mire restoration targets too.
The article examines the distribution range of palsa mires as well as the morphological types and state of palsas in Finland on the basis of the MapSite service maintained by the National Land Survey of Finland (NLS) as well as colour aerial photography or Microsoft Bing images covering nearly all of the palsa mires of Fjeld Lapland. Aerial photographs were used to determine the surface areas of palsa mire complexes and, separately, of palsa groups, the morphological types of palsas, and the degree of thawing on the basis of the state of the palsas on a scale of 1–5. The average elevation above sea level of the mires was obtained from basic maps. The work revealed for the first time the extensive occurrence of palsa plateaus in Finland and the rapid thawing of palsa mounds in recent decades.
Rich fens belong to one of the most threatened habitats in Finland. Their three classifications across Finland or Europe include (1) floristic Finnish vegetation types (mire site types) used as basic vegetation units nationally, (2) Finnish habitat types used for evaluating the vulnerability of various rich fens nationally, and (3) the Braun-Blanquet units used for understanding continental scale classification and distribution of varying rich fen vegetation. All those classifications play a specific role for evaluating the vulnerability of the rich-fen variation locally, nationally and continentally.
We tested the classification of three Finnish mire site types, (1) drier rich Betula pubescens fens (in current B-Bl system Saxifrago-Tomentypnion alliance), (2) Rich Sphagnum warnstorfii fens (Sphagno warnstorfii-Tomentypnion nitentis) and (3) rich Picea abies mires (Braunmoorbrücher Ruuhijärvi 1960, not classified in B-Bl up to date). Studied mire site types represent Sphagnum warnstorfii rich vegetation in the form presented by the classic Finnish sample plot material (Ruuhijärvi 1960). In recent field surveys, a question has appeared, if types 1 and 2 are in fact ´too similar´. The possible problem derives from the fact that, in the Finnish mire site type classification, which is based on main mire vegetation units (site groups) and well-established compositional directions of variation (Variationsrichtungen), floristic differences between close-by mire site types may be very small. We made a material-based test classification and prefer studying problematic parts of classification with a carefully chosen sample-plot material including vegetation variation around the problem. Large-scale vegetation surveys then provide the overall view for the larger scale hierarchy within the classification. We ask, (1) what are the compositional gradients within the material, (2) what are the most characteristic and other characteristic species of objective test units (clusters, subclusters), and how the test-classification units deviate from the mire site types. (3) Additionally, we ask, if the test-classification provides ideas for commenting the Finnish habitat type classification and the Braun-Blanquet classification.
Raised bogs are the most common combined mire type in Southern Finland. They are dependent on precipitation to provide water and nutrients. The surface of the raised bog is characterized by dry ridges, hummocks, and wet depressions, hollows. Climate warming reduces winter snowfall and increases evaporation, which is estimated to lower the water level in raised bogs. This can cause changes in the local ecosystem and accelerate climate warming locally. However, relatively little research has been done on long-term changes in raised bogs.
In this work, changes in the amount and area of open water hollows is determined over the course of 70 years with the help of aerial and satellite images. The research sites are two raised bogs in Western Finland: Häädetkeidas mire and Kauhaneva mire. Long-term change is monitored using object-based segmentation and supervised maximum likelihood classification of aerial images. Short-term change during a single growing season is determined using satellite images and maximum likelihood classification. The results are compared to weather data from the area.
Based on the results, the number and surface area of open water hollows have varied during the review period. From the 1940s to the 1970s, there has been an increase in surface areas and numbers, after which they have decreased. Compared to the situation in the 1940s, the number of springs in Häädetkeidas mire has decreased by 13.8% and the area has decreased by 14.8%. In Kauheneva mire, the number has decreased by 5.3% and the area has decreased by 6.3%. At the same time, the average temperature in the area has risen by more than 1 °C. However, based on satellite image analysis, the variation during a single growing season can be strong, which causes uncertainty in the interpretation of long-term changes.
The results show that both long-term and short-term surface structure changes detectable by remote sensing methods are taking place in the raised bogs. The changes are probably connected to the change in climate conditions.
-
Ojanen,
Luonnonvarakeskus (LUKE)
E-mail:
paavo.ojanen@helsinki.fi
The paper is focused on the changes in the vegetation and surface patterns on a typical plateau raised bog in SE Finland during the past 82 years (1941–2022), studied by means of aerial images and field observations. Further, it aims to find explanations for the changes. It is part of the current studies on the changes in the mire vegetation in Finland linked with the present warming.
Our main body of data is collected from Munasuo bog, which constitutes the western part of the Valkmusa National Park (est. 1996, total area 19.5 km2). Some additional observations are from the western plateau of Kananiemensuo raised bog, situated in the eastern part of the National Park.
The photogrammetry-based identification and analysis of mire features in aerial photographs and field measurements showed that the hummock ridges were rather permanent, as opposed to the more variable lawn surfaces, mud-bottom hollows and pools. The observed increase in the relative coverage of hummock Sphagnum (notably S. rubellum) vegetation replacing hollow mosses and the very rapid shrinking of the open-water area of the pools may indicate a significant increase in the carbon sequestration in the Munasuo bog ecosystem.
-
Salomaa,
Ympäristötieteiden laitos, Helsingin yliopisto. PL 65, 0014 Helsingin yliopisto
E-mail:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Paloniemi, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
-
Mendes,
Centro do Clima, Meteorologia e Mudanças Globais (C_CMMG) – CITTA. GEVA Intergraph Registed Laboratory, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias Universidade dos Açores. Rua Capitão João d’Ávlia – Pico da Urze 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Açores, Portugal
E-mail:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Dias, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
-
Haahti,
Kersti Haahti, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Aalto University School of Engineering, P.O. Box 15200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, e-mail: kersti.haahti@aalto.fi, tel. +358 41 547 5607
E-mail:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Koivusalo, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hökkä, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Nieminen, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sarkkola, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
-
Palander,
Teijo Palander, Itä-Suomen yliopisto, Metsätieteiden osasto, PL 111, 80101 Joensuu, email: teijo.s.palander@uef.fi
E-mail:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Punttila, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kariniemi, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
-
Kojola,
Soili Kojola, Metsäntutkimuslaitos, Etelä-Suomen alueyksikkö, PL 18, 01301 Vantaa, Puh./Tel. 029 532 2111, Fax: 029-532 2103, email: soili.kojola@metla.fi
E-mail:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Penttilä, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
-
Korhonen,
Riitta Korhonen, erikoistutkija emerita, Tilanhoitajankaari 22 C 55, 00790 Helsinki, e-mail: riittakorhonen3@gmail.com
E-mail:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
-
Leppälä,
Mirva Leppälä, Finnish Forest Research Institute, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland. Current address: Metsähallitus, Natural Heritage Services Ostrobothnia, BOX 81, FI-90101 Oulu, Finland, email: mirva.leppala@metsa.fi
E-mail:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Laine, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tuittila, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
-
Miettunen,
Jenni Miettunen, Itä-Suomen yliopisto, Luonnontieteiden ja metsätieteiden tiedekunta, biologian laitos, PL 111, 80101 Joensuu, email: jenni.miettunen@gmail.com
E-mail:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
-
Rehell,
Sakari Rehell, Metsähallitus, luontopalvelut, PL 81, FI-90101, Oulu, Finland. e-mail: sakari.rehell@metsa.fi
E-mail:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Heikkilä, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
-
Mäkilä,
E-mail:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moisanen, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kauppila, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Raino, E-mail: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
