Artikkelit jotka sisältää sanan 'Biomass'
Puustobiomassojen määrä ja hyödyntämismahdollisuudet heikkotuottoisilla mäntyvaltaisilla turvemaan ojitusalueilla.
English title: Biomass utilization potential on low-productive Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) dominated peatlands drained for forestry.
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Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää heikkotuottoisten kitumaan metsäojitettujen soiden biomassapotentiaalia, koska mm. energiaturpeen käytön ennakoimattoman nopea ja raju väheneminen aiheuttaa ainakin lyhyellä aikavälillä merkittäviä paineita puuperäisten polttoaineiden käytön lisäämiselle. Heikkotuottoiset metsäojitetut suot voisivat olla yksi mahdollinen puubiomassareservi. Ojituksen jälkeen näille alun perin avoimille tai vähäpuustoisille soille on syntynyt puustoa, josta usein kuitenkin vain osa on hyödyntämiskelpoista jatkokäyttöön puuraaka-aineena. Energiakäyttöön puu sopisi dimensioidensa puolesta kuitenkin hyvin ja korjuusaantoa lisäisi puun korjaaminen kokopuuna siten, että myös kanto- ja juuristobiomassaa korjattaisiin samalla. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin heikkotuottoisella turvemaakasvupaikalla kasvavan männikön biomassamääriä Lylynnevan suolla Karviassa. Puut korjattiin kokopuukorjuuna eli kokonaisina runkoina kantoineen ja juurineen. Biomassat määritettiin ositteittain koepuista ja niille laadittiin tilastolliset biomassan ennustemallit. Tarkasteltaviin biomassaositteisiin sisältyvät runkopuubiomassan ohella oksa-, kanto- ja juuribiomassat sekä juurakoiden mukana noussutta suon pintakerroksen kasvibiomassaa, kariketta ja pintaturvetta. Näistä määritettiin biomassaositteiset lämpöarvot. Tulokset suhteutettiin Valtakunnan metsien 11:n inventoinnin (VMI 11) puustotietoaineistoon. Tulostemme mukaan heikkotuottoisilta metsäojitetuilta soilta voitaisiin korjata runsaat 30 miljoonaa tonnia kokopuubiomassaa, jonka lisäksi kariketta ja ns. juurakkoturvetta saataisiin noin 9 miljoonaa tonnia. Lämpöarvoltaan kokopuubiomassa-juurakkoturveseos on hyvin lähellä mäntyrunkopuusta tehtyä haketta. Vaikka käytetty korjuutapa on suhteellisen voimaperäinen puuston ja maanpinnan käsittely, sillä voidaan olettaa olevan pidemmällä aikavälillä merkittäviä luonnonhoidollisia ja maankäytön kokonaiskestävyyttä parantavia vaikutuksia, mikäli alueen seuraava käyttömuoto perustuu vedenpinnan nostamiseen. Heikkotuottoisille ojitusalueille syntyneen biomassareservin eduksi voidaan katsoa myös se, että sen hyödyntäminen ei kilpaile ainespuun tuotannon kanssa.
Koivun soveltuvuus suonpohjien metsittämisessä Irlannissa.
English title: The potential of birch afforestation as an after-use option for industrial cutaway peatlands.
Avainsanat:
fertilization;
Biomass;
natural regeneration;
downy birch;
cutaway peatlands;
sowing;
shelter
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In the next few decades, industrial peat extraction will cease gradually over more than 80,000 hectares of cutaway peatlands in Ireland and alternative land uses will change the landscape of these areas. This study showed that substantial natural regeneration of downy birch (Betula pubescens) can occur on abandoned as well as cutaway peatlands afforested with conifers. Natural seedling birch stands measured in this study had an estimated biomass production of between 3100 and 5800 kg dry matter ha–1 year–1. This corresponded to an annual carbon stock increment estimated at between 1500 and 2900 kg C ha–1. Direct sowing experiments conducted in this study were the first of their kind in Ireland and showed that sowing downy birch and fertilization with P and K could be a possible management option for the after-use of cutaway peatlands. Exposure was the main obstacle to successful germination and artificial shelter led to higher rates of germination and survival of birch seedlings after the first winter. It can be concluded that birch (naturally or artificially established) can be a feature of this future landscape, bringing many attributes: nurse species, biomass, increased woodland cover and biodiversity.
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Renou-Wilson,
F. Renou-Wilson, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Agriculture and Food Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4. Tel: +353 17167725; Fax: +353 17161102; email: Florence.Renou@ucd.ie
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pöllänen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Byrne, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Wilson, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Farrell, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Tutkimuksia suonpohjien jälkikäyttömahdollisuuksista Irlannissa.
English title: Tomorrow's landscapes: studies in the after-uses of industrial cutaway peatland in Ireland.
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With the cessation of industrial peat harvesting, there is an opportunity to create new landscapes that can confer both socio-economic and ecological benefits. This paper reviews over 50 years of study in the after-use potential of industrial cutaway peatlands in Ireland. The options for after-use are determined to a large extent by the residual peat type, hydrological constraints, geographic location and economic considerations. Over the years, the main areas of investigation have included commercially driven options such as agriculture, forestry, and biomass production, as well as the more ecological and environmental options such as dryland recolonisation and wetland creation/restoration. In that time, the emphasis has continually changed as new research has emerged, in turn directing and shaping decision-making. By 2050, around 80000 ha of harvested peatlands will have become available for other uses. As such, a coherent post-harvesting strategy, underpinned by previous and future research, is essential in order to maximise the potential of these new ecosystems.
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Renou,
School of Biology and Environmental Science, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dubline, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Egan, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Wilson, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lannoitemaaran vaikutus lyhytkiertoviljelmien ravinnetilaan ja biomassatuotokseen suonpohjilla.
English title: Effect of fertilizer application rate on nutrient status and biomass production in short-rotation plantations of willows on cutaway peatland areas.
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The effects of N, P and K fertilizer application rates on the biomass production, soil properties and foliar nutrient status were studied in willow plantations (Salix x dasyclados, Salix 'Aquatica') established on cut-away peatland areas at Haapavesi (64 06'N, 25 36'E and Ruukki (64'27'N, 25 26'E). When the amount of one of the nutrients in NPK-fertilization was changed (N 0-200 kg/ha, P 0-60 kg/ha, K 0-80 kg/ha) the others remained unchanged (N 100, P 30, K 40 kg/ha). Three field experiments were made. Increasing phosphorus and potassium application rates increased the concentrations of corresponding soil extractable nutrients. There was a positive correlation between the fertilizer application rate and the concentrations of foliar nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. During the first growing season, the effect of nitrogen fertilization on biomass production was modest, but during the second growing season the yield of willows increased the most when fertilized with 100-150 kg N/ha. Although phosphorus fertilization increased yields, already the smallest amounts (15 kg/ha) resulted in biomass yields as high when applying the largest phosphorus fertilizer amounts (60 kg/ha). Potassium fertilization did not increase biomass production in any of the experiments. The highest total biomass yields after three growing seasons were 28-30 t/ha. Their compositions were as follows: 44% wood, 18% bark, 17% foliage, 16% roots, and 5% stumpwood.
Key words: biomass production, cut-away peatland, fertilization, energy forestry, Salix
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Hytönen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, Box 44, FIN-69J 01 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kasvillisuuden muutokset rämeillä ojituksen ja lannoituksen jalkeen.
English title: Vegetation changes after drainage and fertilization in pine mires.
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The effects of drainage and fertilization (both slowly and readily soluble fertilizers were included) on the above-ground biomass and cover of understorey vegetation were studied in two mires situated at Lammi, southern Finland, and at Ilomantsi, northern Karelia. Urea and especially micronutrients decreased the cover of Sphagnum species. Slowly soluble nitrogen also decreased the cover of Sphagnum, but not as efficiently. In fen site types the cover and biomass of Vaccinium oxycoccos and Andromeda polifolia increased strongly after fertilization. The greatest change in vegetation was caused by micronutrients given together with macronutrients. The cover and biomass of Eriophorum vaginatum and Rubus chamaemorus increased on all the fertilization plots probably because phosphorus was included in all the treatments. Calluna vulgaris and Empetrum nigrum benefited from the NPK fertilization on hummock sites.
Keywords: Apatite, biodiversity, biomass, biotite, peatland forestry, urea
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Vasander,
Department of Forest Ecology, P.O. Box 24 (Unioninkatu 40 B), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kuusipalo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Lindholm, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Use of 14C labelling to measure below-ground biomass of mire plants.
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Below-ground biomass of dominating vascular plants on a mesotrophic fen and Sphagnum fuscum pine bog was estimated using 14C labelling techniques. Preliminary results show that up to 90% of living biomass of Carex rostrata growing on the fen may be located below ground. Fine roots form the majority of below-ground biomass.
Keywords: Peatlands, production, root biomass
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Saarinen,
Department of Botany, Laboratories of Ecology, P.O. Box 4, FIN-00014University of Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tolonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vasander, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Fine root dynamics on two drained peatland sites.
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Total fine root biomass was 397 g/m2 at an afforested and fertilized tall sedge fen (VSN), and 529 g/m2 at a tall sedge pine fen (VSR). The studied sites were located on the Lakkasuo mire complex in central Finland. The greater biomass on the VSR site could be a result of its lower nutrient status compared to that of the fertilized VSN site. Total root production during May-September 1991 was 178 g/m2 at the VSN site and 242 g/m2 at the VSR site when all significant increments in the living and dead root biomasses were summed up. Almost half of the fine root biomass was renewed during the summer.
Keywords: Biomass, drainage, ground vegetation, necromass, Pinus sylvestris, production
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Finér,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Station, P.O. Box 68, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Laine, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Halko, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Methods for studying below-ground production in mire ecosystems.
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Difficulties in separating fine roots from a purely organic matrix preclude the use of traditional root-harvesting techniques when studying the below-ground production of the field layer species in mires. Also methods based on different types of installations, such as ingrowth chambers or rhizotrons, cause a significant disturbance of the root environment. Indirect techniques using isotope-labelling avoid many of these problems and are the most suited for studying below-ground processes in peatlands. A technique based on translocation of 14C to the peat through the fine roots is demonstrated to evaluate the vascular plant biomass distribution in hummocks of a subarctic and a boreonemoral peat bog respectively. The technique fails to distinguish between structural and labile carbon and overestimates therefore the fine root biomass, but is useful for comparative purposes. It is shown that different mire plants have species-specific below-ground distributions, and that a proportionately greater share of carbon is allocated to fine roots in subarctic conditions.
Keywords: Andromeda, Calluna, Empetrum, Eriophorum,root biomass, Rubus,translocation
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Wallén,
Department of Plant Ecology, Lund University, Östra Vallgatan 14, S-223 61 Lund, Sweden
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
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