Artikkelit jotka sisältää sanan 'Scots pine'
Turvetuhka ja biotiitti männyn metsityslannoituksessa suonpohjalla.
English title: Peat ash and biotite in fertilization of Scots pine on an afforested cutaway peatland.
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In Finland peat is used in power generation, often burned with wood mixture resulting in mixed ash types. Peat ash is usually rich in phosphorus (P) but poor in potassium (K) and thus not as good fertilizer for peatland forests as wood ash. In this study we compared the effects of peat ash and peat ash with added potassium (potassium chloride or biotite) on the growth and nutrition of Scots pine seedlings on a cutaway peatland. In addition, peat ash was pelletized with biotite in one treatment. The treatments were applied around single trees with 10 replications. The study site was rich in N, but poor in P and K. Peat and foliar samples were analysed, and the height growth of seedlings was monitored for 17 years following the treatments. Pure peat ash had a positive effect on the growth of Scots pine but the survival rate of seedlings was not satisfactory. Peat ash enriched with potassium increased substantially growth of seedlings and increased the foliar K concentration compared to unfertilized control and peat ash alone. Pelletized peat ash and biotite gave similar results as the use of un-pelletized peat ash and biotite. Peat ash alone is not recommended for fertilization of Scots pine stands on drained peatlands. Adding K to peat ash enables recycling of large amounts of nutrients back to peatland forests, and is a good alternative to low-soluble P and K fertilizer. The granulation of the product would ensure good spreadability.
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Hytönen,
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Silmäjärventie 2, 69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
jyrki.hytonen@luke.fi
- Aro, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 3, 20520 Turku, Finland Sähköposti: lasse.aro@luke.fi
- Issakainen, Ratapellontie 11, 91500 Muhos, Finland Sähköposti: ji@nn.fi
- Moilanen, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Paavo Havaksen tie 3, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland Sähköposti: mikko.moilanen@luke.fi
Vedenpinnan syvyyden spatiaaliseen vaihteluun vaikuttavat tekijät ojitetussa suometsikössä Pohjois-Suomessa.
English title: Factors affecting the spatial variability of water table depth within a drained peatland forest stand in northern Finland.
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Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin pohjaveden syvyyden spatiaaliseen vaihteluun vaikuttavia tekijöitä puustoisella ojitetulla turvekankaalla viiden kasvukauden ajan Pohjois-Suomessa. Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin Rovaniemellä sijaitsevalta Sattasuon pieneltä keinotekoiselta valuma-alueelta (0,53 ha), joka oli muodostettu eristämällä alue ympäristöstään kaksinkertaisella ojituksella. Valuma-alueen puusto oli hoidettua nuorta kasvatusmetsää, jonka pääpuulajina oli mänty ja puuston keskitilavuus oli 93 m3 ha-1. Kasvupaikkatyypiltään alue oli puolukkaturvekangasta. Alueella seurattiin vedenpinnan syvyyttä 50 pohjavesiputkesta viikoittain viiden kasvukauden ajan vuosina 2006–2010. Vedenpinnan syvyyden vaihtelua eri mittauskerroilla selitettiin pohjavesiputken etäisyydellä lähimpään ojaan, puuston määrällä putken ympärillä (ts. puuston vedenkäytöllä) sekä maanpinnan korkeusvaihtelulla. Aineisto käsiteltiin lineaarisella regressioanalyysillä, jossa selittävillä tekijöillä kuvattiin vedenpinnan syvyyttä pohjavesiputkissa kullakin mittaushetkellä. Tulokset osoittivat, että etenkin kasvukauden alussa vedenpinnan syvyyttä suovaluma-alueen sisällä selittävät voimakkaimmin etäisyys lähimpään ojaan sekä maanpinnan topografia. Puuston määrä (pohjapinta-ala 2 m:n etäisyydellä mittauspisteestä) selitti vedenpinnan syvyyden vaihtelua loppukesällä keskimääräistä kuivempina vuosina. Vedenpinnan syvyys lisääntyi keskimäärin 1 cm:llä, kun puuston pohjapinta-ala kasvoi 4,7 m2 ha–1 (mitattuna 2 m säteellä pohjavesiputkesta) tai kun pohjavesiputken etäisyys ojaan pieneni metrillä. Tulokset vahvistavat aiempaa käsitystä, että pohjoisissa olosuhteissa ojilla on tärkeä merkitys vettä poisjohtavina rakenteina ja puuston määrän tulisi olla suurempi kuin Sattasuon puuston määrä, jotta kuivatustilan ylläpitäminen voisi perustua pelkkään puuston vedenkäyttöön.
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Haahti,
Kersti Haahti, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Aalto University School of Engineering, P.O. Box 15200, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland, e-mail: kersti.haahti@aalto.fi, tel. +358 41 547 5607
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Koivusalo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hökkä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Nieminen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sarkkola, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Pinus sylvestris L. stands in three fertilized and drained peatlands in northern Finland.
English title: The effect of total peat nitrogen on the height and volume of Scots pine.
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The total peat nitrogen (N) concentration is an important factor when determining stand heights and volumes in areas of poor climate conditions. This study explores the effect of peat nitrogen on the height and volume of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands in drained peatland sites in three temperature sum regions (Susivaara 909, Hepokangas 930, and Haapua 987 dd) in northern Finland. The peat nitrogen concentration ranged from 0.7% to 3.0%. In all experimental fields, the concentrations of foliar nutrients (nitrogen (N), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and boron (B)) were analyzed. A total of 550 peat samples, 440 foliar samples, and 1687 sample trees were measured. We found nitrogen deficiencies in the foliar samples of all experimental fields. At Haapua, the stands were the highest, about 140 dm, when the peat N-concentration was at its maximum (3.0%). In the areas of Susivaara and Hepokangas, the stand heights were lower than in Haapua, about 90 dm, when N-concentrations of peat were at their maximum (2.5% and 2.8%). The stand volumes were largest at Haapua (about 190 m3/ha, N = 3.0%). At Susivaara (80 m3/ha, N = 2.5%) and Hepokangas (70 m3/ha, N = 2.8%), lower stand volumes were measured. We found a strong positive relationship between peat N-concentration and stand height as well as stand volume at Hepokangas and Haapua. At Susivaara, however, this relationship was weak. The results show that the total peat nitrogen concentration strongly affects stand height and volume on drained peatlands. The information of this study can be utilized, for example, when assessing the feasibility of forest management practices, such as the profitability of ditch network maintenance and fertilizations on peatlands.
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Korkalainen,
University of Joensuu, Department of Geography, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pietiläinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Colpaert, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kunnostusojituksen vaikutus rämeiden ravinnetilaan.
English title: Effect of drainage maintenance on the nutrient status on drained Scots pine mires.
Avainsanat:
forest drainage;
peat;
Scots pine;
ditch cleaning;
complementary ditching;
nutrients;
needles
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The effects of drainage maintenance on the nutrient contents in peat and Scots pine needles on drained pine mires were studied. The material consisted of twelve Finnish field experiments. Drainage maintenance (increasing ditching intensity; no treatment at all, mere ditch cleaning, mere complementary ditching, and both of them together) was carried out in 1982-1985. The needles were sampled in 1994-1995 and peat in 1996. There were great differences in the site types and consequently also in the peat and needle nutrient concentrations between the experiments. The needle Mn concentrations demonstrated a fairly good drainage status in all the treatments. Drainage maintenance had only minor effects on the nutrient status of peat and needles. Ditch cleaning decreased magnesium, manganese and zink amounts in the surface peat. Increasing the intensity of drainage maintenance increased the 100-needle dry mass, but decreased the needle boron concentrations. Peat and needle nitrogen concentrations increased slightly (not significantly) along with the increased intensity in drainage maintenance. The peat nutrients classified correctly 83.7% of the fertility classes for drained peatlands.
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kaironiementie 54, FIN-39700, Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kaunisto, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Apatiitti- ja flogopiittilannoituksen vaikutus männyn neulasten ravinnepitoisuuksiin ojitetuilla rämeillä.
English title: Effect of apatite and phlogopite application on the needle nutrient concentrations of Pinus sylvestris (L.) on drained pine mires.
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Pine nutrition was monitored after the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilisers of different solubility in 12 experiments on drained mires in northern Central Finland. Ten experiments involved the following three treatments: (i) control, (ii) fertilisation with rock phosphate and potassium chloride, and (iii) fertilisation with apatite ore or enriched apatite and phlogopite. Two experiments focused on the fertiliser amount. In seven experiments needle samples were collected three times: 3-7, 11-14 and 16-19 years after fertilisation and in the others once or twice (after 10-17 years). The stands suffered from phosphorus and potassium shortage on the unfertilised plots. Rock phosphate had raised the needle phosphorus concentrations slightly more than apatite by 5-7 and 11-14 years after fertilisation. By the last sampling apatite (16-19 years after) had raised the concentrations to about the same or to a higher level than rock phosphate. Potassium chloride raised the concentrations more than phlogopite during the first few years after fertilisation but the situation had reversed by 11-14 years. Five years later the change was even more pronounced. The needle potassium concentrations increased slightly with the increasing application amounts on the nitrogen-rich sites. Fertilisation with PK lowered the needle zinc, manganese, copper and boron concentrations especially on the nitrogen-rich sites.
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Kaunisto,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, Kaironiementie 54, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kunnostusojituksen erilliskannattavuus muutamilla karuhkoilla rämeillä.
English title: Profitability of ditch-network maintenance on some oligotrophic pine mires.
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The paper presents the results of a study to assess the profitability of ditch-network maintenance on some oligotrophic pine mires. The alternative ditch-network maintenance methods compared were: ditch cleaning, complementary ditching, and ditch cleaning and complementrary ditching combined. Nine drained pine-dominated mires were chosen for investigation. Only the ditch-network maintenance costs were included in the calculations. Profitability was calculated for two cases: 1) the forest owner pays all the costs and 2) he obtains the maximum state grant. Without the state grant ditch-network maintenance provided a net present value of 870 FIM ha-1 with a 3 % rate of interest, of 220 FIM ha-1 with the 5 % rate of interest, and on internal rate of return of 5 %. With the state grant the results were: 1620 FIM ha-1, 970 FIM ha-1 and 10%, respectively. The conclusions were that in most cases ditch-network maintenance is profitable even without state grant. By using 3 % and 5 % interest rates, the complementary ditching and combination provided similar profitability, specially when the state grants were provided. Using the IRR criterion, the complementary ditching provided the best profit.
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Hytönen,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, P.O. Box 44, FIN-69101 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Aarnio, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Puutuhkalannoituksen kannattavuus eräissä ojitusaluemänniköissä.
English title: The profitability of wood ash-fertilizing of drained peatland Scots pine stands.
Avainsanat:
Scots pine;
wood ash;
forest fertilization;
internal rate of return;
net present value;
stem volume
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The profitability of wood ash-fertilizing (5-16 t ha-1) of four drained peatland Scots pine stands in central Finland was investigated. The profitability of forest drainage alone and forest drainage plus ash-fertilization was compared. After 44-56 years, the wood ash-fertilization had increased mean productivity by 3.1-12.1 m3 ha-1 a-1. Using an interest rate of 3 % and without subsidies, the net present value of the stands was 2500-20300 FIM ha-1 higher as a result of the ash-fertilization than the value given by forest drainage alone. The real internal rate of return due to ash-fertilization without subsidies was 3.7-9.3 %. The interest rate, the fertilization dose and related costs, and the stumpage prices affected profitability. The state forest improvement subsidies further increased the profitablity of ash-fertilization.
Key words: forest fertilization, internal rate of return, net present value, Scots pine, stem volume, wood ash
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, FIN-69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silfverberg, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Takamaa, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Wood ash, PK-fertilizer and two soil ameliorating additives on drained pine mires.
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The study was made in four experimental fields on drained peatland in western Finland (63-66°N). One of the experiments was laid out in 1972; the others in 1978-1979. Treatments included different kinds of wood ash and PK-fertilizer, an ash-imitating mixture and apatite+biotite. Needle analyses and growth measurements were carried out in 1983— 1986. The concentrations of Mg and Mn generally decreased after fertilization. A rise in the foliar P, foliar K and foliar weight correlated with the growth response. Best growth increment was achieved with the ash-imitating mixture and PK-fertilizer, while apatite+biotite did not increase growth. In the first years after fertilization, growth on the ash plots was weaker, but later stronger or equal to growth on PK- and ash-imitating plots. The correlation between initial tree height and post-fertilization growth was similar on the different treatments. The poor growth increment on some ash treatments was probably due to the insufficient amount of nutrients in the ashes used.
Key words: Ash fertilization, Finland, growth, needle analysis, peat, Scots pine
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Silfverberg,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, SF-0I301 Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ohutjuurten biomassa ja pituus ojitusalueen männikössä, koivu-mäntysekametsikössä ja kuusikossa.
English title: Fine root biomass and length in a pine, mixed birch-pine and spruce stand on a drained peatland.
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The biomass of Scots pine fine roots (diam. <10 mm) averaged ca. 5 000 kg/ha and total length ca. 12 000 km/ha on a tall-sedge pine mire. In a herb-rich sedge birch-pine mire, Scots pine fine root biomass was ca. 800 kg/ha and hairy birch fine root biomass 2 000-4 000 kg/ha. The total length of fine roots were correspondingly ca. 3 000 km/ha and 4 000-7 000 km/ha. Norway spruce fine root biomass was 7 000-8 000 kg/ha with a total length of ca. 11 000 km/ha on a Vaccinium myrtillus spruce mire. The root systems were superficial; over 90% of the root biomass was in the uppermost 20 cm peat layer. The biomass of 1-10 mm diameter fine roots was larger than that of the <1 mm roots on all sites. In the case of root length, the situation was just the opposite.
Keywords: Drainage, hairy birch, Norway spruce, root systems, Scots pine
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Finér,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Station, P.O. Box 68, SF-80100 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Rämemäntyalkuperien kehityksestä kangasmaalla.
English title: Development of mire originated Scots pine on mineral soil.
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Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) transplants (2+1+1 or 1+2 years old), the seeds of which had been collected from mire pines in different localities of South Finland, were planted in the early 1930s in a sandy Vaccinium site type at Tuusula (60°22´ N; 25°00´ E), north of Helsinki. The sample plots have been measured several times. At the time of the latest inventory the stands were about 50 years old. The stand development (standing volume, volume increment, dominant height, stem form) has been compared with the local mineral soil stands. The results show that seeds originated from mire pines produce offspring with form and growth (phenotypes) similar to those of pines originating from mineral soil.
Keywords: Hereditary, mire, Scots pine, stand development, stem form, peatland
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Päivänen,
Department of Peatland Forestry, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 40B, SF-00170 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
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