Artikkelit kirjoittajalta Mikko Moilanen
Turvetuhka ja biotiitti männyn metsityslannoituksessa suonpohjalla.
English title: Peat ash and biotite in fertilization of Scots pine on an afforested cutaway peatland.
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In Finland peat is used in power generation, often burned with wood mixture resulting in mixed ash types. Peat ash is usually rich in phosphorus (P) but poor in potassium (K) and thus not as good fertilizer for peatland forests as wood ash. In this study we compared the effects of peat ash and peat ash with added potassium (potassium chloride or biotite) on the growth and nutrition of Scots pine seedlings on a cutaway peatland. In addition, peat ash was pelletized with biotite in one treatment. The treatments were applied around single trees with 10 replications. The study site was rich in N, but poor in P and K. Peat and foliar samples were analysed, and the height growth of seedlings was monitored for 17 years following the treatments. Pure peat ash had a positive effect on the growth of Scots pine but the survival rate of seedlings was not satisfactory. Peat ash enriched with potassium increased substantially growth of seedlings and increased the foliar K concentration compared to unfertilized control and peat ash alone. Pelletized peat ash and biotite gave similar results as the use of un-pelletized peat ash and biotite. Peat ash alone is not recommended for fertilization of Scots pine stands on drained peatlands. Adding K to peat ash enables recycling of large amounts of nutrients back to peatland forests, and is a good alternative to low-soluble P and K fertilizer. The granulation of the product would ensure good spreadability.
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Hytönen,
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Silmäjärventie 2, 69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
jyrki.hytonen@luke.fi
- Aro, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 3, 20520 Turku, Finland Sähköposti: lasse.aro@luke.fi
- Issakainen, Ratapellontie 11, 91500 Muhos, Finland Sähköposti: ji@nn.fi
- Moilanen, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Paavo Havaksen tie 3, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland Sähköposti: mikko.moilanen@luke.fi
Hakkuutähteiden ravinnesisältö aines- ja energiapuukorjuun jälkeen ojitettujen turvemaiden harvennusmänniköissä.
English title: The effect of harvesting method on the nutrient content of logging residues in the thinning of Scots pine stands on drained peatlands.
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Commercial thinning is a common practice when growing even-aged stands in the Nordic countries. Thinning from below is carried out to harvest suppressed and part of the mid-sized trees that cannot successfully compete for resources and have become grown over by co-dominant and dominant trees. In five field experiments, we studied the effects of harvesting method on the nutrient amount of logging residues left at the site in thinning of Scots pine stands. Comparison was carried out between four harvesting methods representing different levels for forest-residue recovery: SOH (stem-only harvesting down to a diameter of 7 cm, SOH-E (stem-only harvesting down to a diameter of 2 cm),WTH (whole-tree harvesting including stems, tops and branches) and WTH-M (WTH and manual collection of those logging residues which were left in mechanical harvesting). In each experiment, logging residues were weighed and sampled for determination of their nutrient concentrations, and soil samples were taken from the surface peat layer (0–20 cm) for nutrient analyses. In SOH treatments, all residues and nutrients bound in the logging residues were left at the site. In WTH 28–67% and in WTH-M 4–20% of the nutrients remained at the site, with the figure depending on the experiment. The amounts of N (1%), P (1–4%), Ca (2–5%), and Mg (3–8%) bound in the logging residues in SOH were low in comparison to the corresponding amounts in the 0–20 cm peat layer. However, the amount of K in logging residues represented 10–26% and the amount of B 8–15% compared with the corresponding nutrients in peat. The amount of N, P, and K in logging residues after CTL harvesting was 39–86, 3–7, and 9–21 kg•ha-1, respectively. The corresponding figures after WTH were 15–36, 1–3, and 3–9 kg ha-1. We assume that WHT on peatland sites that are prone to K deficiency or already have a detected shortage may increase a risk for nutrient imbalances and growth loss in remaining tree stand.
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Hytönen,
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Silmäjärventie 2, 69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Männyn ravinnetilan muutokset syys- ja talvikauden välillä ojitetuilla turvemailla - neulasanalyyttinen tarkastelu.
English title: Estimating nutrient status of Scots pine on drained peatlands with needle analysis - differences in foliar nutrient concentrations between autumn and winter seasons.
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Neulasanalyysi on vakiintunut menetelmä määrittää puiden ravinnetila ja lannoitustarve. Käytännön metsänhoito-ohjeissa neulasnäytteet suositetaan otettavaksi puiden talvilevon aikana, jolloin puut ovat jäässä ja niiden aineenvaihdunta pysähdyksissä. Ravinneanalyysin tulkinta ja puutostiloja osoittavien pitoisuuksien raja-arvot pohjautuvat niin ikään talvella kerätyistä neulasnäytteistä tehtyihin ravinnemäärityksiin. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin metsäojitusalueella kasvavien mäntyjen ravinnetilassa syksyn aikana tapahtuvia muutoksia. Keskeinen tavoite oli vastata kysymykseen, voidaanko puiden ravinnetila määrittää luotettavasti jo syys–lokakuussa ennen puiden talvilepoa kerätyistä neulasnäytteistä. Tutkimusaineisto (216 neulasnäytettä) kerättiin kuudesta ojitusaluemänniköstä Keski- ja Pohjois-Suomesta. Aineistoon sisältyi neulasnäytepuita sekä lannoittamattomista että 2–4 vuotta aiemmin PK-lannoitetuista metsiköistä. Ravinnepitoisuuksien erot samoista puista otettujen syys- ja talvinäytteiden välillä olivat suhteellisen vähäiset. Vain lannoitettujen metsiköiden männynneulasten Cu- ja K-pitoisuudet olivat syyskuussa merkitsevästi korkeammat kuin lokakuussa tai seuraavana talvena. Lannoittamattomilla koealoilla neulasten K-pitoisuus oli lähes sama eri ajankohtina. Ca- ja Mn-pitoisuudet puolestaan hiukan kohosivat syyskuun ja sitä seuranneen talvikauden välisenä aikana. Lokakuun ja talvikauden välillä ei puiden ravinnepitoisuuksissa esiintynyt mainittavia eroja. Tulokset osoittavat, että neulasnäytteet voidaan luotettavia ravinneanalyysejä varten kerätä männyistä lokakuun alun ja maaliskuun lopun välisenä aikana.
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Moilanen,
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pietiläinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
PK-lannoituksen vaikutus männyn ravinnetilaan Pohjois-Pohjanmaan ojitusalueilla.
English title: Long-term nutrient status of PK fertilized Scots pine stands on drained peatlands in North-Central Finland.
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The low availability of usable phosphorus (P), as well as the scarcity of potassium (K), are often limiting tree growth on peatlands. Approximately one third of the 5.5 million ha of peatlands drained for forestry in Finland has been fertilized during the last 50 years. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term effect of PK fertilization on the nutrient status of Scots pine on different site types of drained peatlands. Changes in nutrient concentrations (N, P, K) and dry mass of current needles was used for examining the effect of fertilization. The material included 82 fertilization experimental stands comprising a total of 892 needle samples; 434 from PK-fertilized and 458 from unfertilized control stands. The needles were collected and analyzed between 1980 and 2002. Depending on the experiment, a time period of 1–35 years had elapsed between fertilization and needle sampling. More than half (54%) of the control stands had P concentration below the defi ciency limit 1.3 mg g–1, and correspondingly, 48% had K concentration below 4.0 mg g–1. Fertilization increased considerably the needle dry mass and foliar P and K concentration raised above the deficiency limits. The lower the concentrations of foliar P and K and the higher the concentration of N were in control trees, the more pronounced the effect of PK fertilization was. Compared to control, the needle P concentration was still noticeably higher on the fertilized stands after 21–35 years of the fertilization. However, K concentration had decreased and was at the same level as in the control trees. The effect of fertilization was strongest on sites which had been treeless or sparsely forested before drainage and which had severe nutrient shortages or imbalances. The response to fertilization was very similar regardless of the temperature sum of the year the needles first appeared. The results of this study show that the P status of Scots pine could be improved for over 30 years with single fertilization. On the other hand, ensuring the K status will require 1–2 refertilization treatments during the rotation period.
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Silfverberg,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, P.O. Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kivennäismaalisäyksen vaikutus turpeen ravinnemääriin ja männyn ravinnetalouteen metsäojitetuilla soilla.
English title: Long term effects of mineral soil addition on the nutrient amounts of peat and on the nutrient status of Scots pine on drained mires.
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Six field experiments on the use of mineral soil for amelioration of pine-dominated peatland forests were established in the 1920’s and 1930’s on drained mires in southern and central Finland. The treatments consisted of varying amounts of different textured mineral soil added on top of peatland. Soil samples were taken 52–74 years after the mineral soil application in 10 cm layers, up to 40 or 50 cm depth. The samples were analysed for pH, ash content, bulk density and nutrient concentrations. In two of the experiments, foliar samples of Scots pine were analyzed 66 and 77 years after the mineral soil application, and in one experiment, tree growth was measured for the period of 31–60 years after the application. The mineral soil had a long term effect on the physical and chemical properties of the top peat layer. Ash content and bulk density of the peat increased along with increasing application amounts, as did soil total P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and B. The changes caused by the mineral soil were mostly restricted to the top 30 cm layer. The higher the soil fine fraction was, so was the increase in peat total P, K, Ca and Mg amounts. The addition of mineral soil increased tree growth and improved nutrient deficiencies (P, K) of Scots pine on one experiment, but decreased the B concentrations near the deficiency level.
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Hytönen,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Unit, P.O. Box 44, FI-69101 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silfverberg, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Pinus sylvestris L. on drained peatlands.
English title: Long-term effects of apatite and biotite on the nutrient and stand growth of Scots pine.
Avainsanat:
phosphorus;
potassium;
nutrient status;
Fertilisation;
nutrient deficiency;
drained peatland;
potassium chloride;
rock phosphate
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Phosphorus and potassium deficiencies are common in Scots pine stands growing on drained peatlands. In this study, the foliar nutrient concentrations and stand growth were monitored after the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilisers of different solubility in four experiments on thick-peated drained peatlands in northern central Finland. The studied stands involved three fertilisation treatments: (i) unfertilised control, (ii) rock phosphate and potassium chloride, and (iii) apatite and biotite. The growth of stands was monitored 20–25 years after the fertilisation. Needles were sampled four times: 4–9, 11–14, 16–19 and 21–24 years after the fertilisation.
According to foliar analyses, the trees on the control plots suffered from severe phosphorus and potassium deficiencies. Rock phosphate and apatite fertilisation increased the foliar phosphorus concentrations above the deficiency limit, and the effect was still noticeable 21–24 years after the application. Both potassium sources, that is, the slowly soluble biotite and the water-soluble potassium chloride increased the foliar potassium concentration to an adequate level. Potassium chloride increased the concentrations faster and stronger than biotite during the first years (4–9) after the applications. The situation was reversed when 11–14 years or more had passed from the fertilisation: the biotite fertilised stands had higher potassium concentrations. The fertilisation treatments decreased the foliar nitrogen, zinc, manganese, copper and boron concentrations.
The fertiliser applications increased the stand volume growth considerably. Raw phosphate and potassium chloride increased the volume growth significantly already during the first five-year period. The effect of the apatite and biotite treatment was weaker during the first 10 years, but became stronger with time. During the period 19–24 years after the fertilisation, the stand growth on the biotite plots was equal to that of the plots fertilised with potassium chloride. However, during the whole study period the differences between the treatments remained insignificant.
The results showed that slowly soluble apatite and biotite are suitable sources of phosphorus and potassium for pines on drained peatlands. However, to avoid boron deficiency, also boron should be added simultaneously.
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Moilanen,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station, Kirkkosaarentie 7, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pietiläinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Pinus sylvestris L. on drained peatland after potassium fertilisation.
English title: Nutrient status and growth of Scots pine.
Avainsanat:
drained peatlands;
needle analysis;
Pinus sylvestris;
Fertilisation;
nutrient deficiency;
growth increment;
nutrient concentration;
potassium chloride
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The effects of potassium (K) fertilisation on the nutrient status and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands on drained peatlands were studied on three field experiments in northern central Finland. The Scots pine stands were at a sapling or pole stage with a dominant height of 3–8 m when the experiments were set up. The stands differed from each other in their nutritional status, for example, the foliar K concentration varied considerably between the experiments. The experiments were fertilised with potassium chloride, rock phosphate (P 42kg ha-1) and urea (N 46kg ha-1) between 1979 and 1980. The potassium doses in terms of elemental K, were 50, 100, 200 and 400kg ha-1. The foliar samples were taken three times during the study period: 7–9 years, 14–15 years and 19–20 years after fertilisation. The stand measurements were done 19–22 years after the fertilisation.
The rate and magnitude of stand response due to fertilisation depended essentially on the nutritional status of the trees. The strongest effect of PK-fertilisation was obtained on a nitrogen-rich peatland, where the stands suffered from severe phosphorus and potassium deficiencies (foliar P concentration < 1.2 mg g-1, K concentration < 3.5 mg g-1). During the study period, the annual stand volume growth on fertilised plots ranged from 3.9 to 5.4 m3 ha-1 a-1, and that of the unfertilised plots was 0.78 m3 ha-1 a-1. In other sites, where the lack of phosphorus and potassium was not so drastic, nor did the trees suffer from shortage of nitrogen, the effect of PK-treatment on tree growth was weak or almost non-existent.
The foliar K concentrations rose with the amount of potassium chloride applied. The fertilisation effect of the dose of 100kg K ha-1 lasted 15–20 years, after which the foliar K concentration dropped close to the deficiency limit. The effect of the larger doses (200–400kg K ha-1) on the needle K concentration was more pronounced and still visible at the end of the study period. However, the stand growth responses gained with larger potassium applications were not essentially greater than those with the 100 kg ha-1 dose.
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Pietiläinen,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station, Kirkkosaarentie 7, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vesala, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Koivuverhopuuston tiheyden ja kuusialikasvoksen pituuden tasauksen vaikutus taimikon pituuskasvuun ojitusalueella.
English title: Impact of birch crop density and heigth equalization of Norway spruce understorey on spruce seedlings' height growth on a drained peatland.
Avainsanat:
Betula pubescens;
Picea abies;
drained peatland;
height equalization;
height growth;
natural seedlings;
nurse crop density;
understorey
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A viable understorey of Norway spruce often develops under a nurse crop on nutrientrich
peatlands drained for forestry. The impact of birch nurse crop density and height
equalization of the Norway spruce understorey on the height growth of spruce seedlings
was studied on three sites: on a transforming herbrich spruce swamp, an abandoned
peat field and a mixed peat/mineral soil field. The nurse crop was managed in
1990: 1) no thinning, 4000 stems ha-1, 2) thinning to 1000 stems ha-1. 3) thinning to
500 stems ha-1, or 4) removal of the nurse crop. In addition, the spruce seedlings over
1 m in height were removed from randomized halves of each plot. The unmanaged
nurse crop reduced the growth of the understorey the most on all the sites. On the other
hand, the spruce seedlings grew the best on the plots where the nurse crop had been
removed. Due to height equalization the growth of the spruce understorey first slowed
down, but towards the end of the study period the height growth of the equalized and
non-equalized spruce understoreys were almost the same.
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Päätalo,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station, Kirkkosaarentie 7, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hilli, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tillman-Sutela, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Verhopuuston tiheyden ja lannoituksen vaikutus kuusen taimien pituuskasvuun ojitetulla turvemaalla.
English title: The effect nurse crop density and fertilization on the height growth of Norway spruce seedlings on drained peatland.
Avainsanat:
peatland;
Foliar nutrients;
Betula pubescens;
growth responses;
Picea abies;
planting;
release cutting
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A natural understorey of Norway spruce often develops under birch on oligo-mesotrophic
peatlands, but spruce can also be planted on these sites. The effects of fertilization and
the density of the pubescent birch nurse crop on the height growth and needle nutrient
status of a planted spruce understorey on an old drained herb-rich sedge pine fen was
investigated in this study. The spruce transplants were planted early in the 1960’s. The
nurse crop was removed, thinned to 200 stems ha-1 or left unmanaged in 1988. A number
of plots were also fertilized. The height growth of the spruce transplants was measured
during two periods after management, and the needle nutrient concentrations were
determined before fertilization and again 10 years later. The height growth of the spruce
was 40 - 60% greater after removal of the nurse crop than that under the unthinned
nurse crop. Even the thinned nurse crop slowed down the growth of the understorey.
However, height growth was the best on the plots on which the nurse crop was removed
and the plots fertilized.
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Hilli,
OSLA, Kirkkotie 1, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Päätalo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Piiroinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Apatiitti- ja flogopiittilannoituksen vaikutus männyn neulasten ravinnepitoisuuksiin ojitetuilla rämeillä.
English title: Effect of apatite and phlogopite application on the needle nutrient concentrations of Pinus sylvestris (L.) on drained pine mires.
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Pine nutrition was monitored after the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilisers of different solubility in 12 experiments on drained mires in northern Central Finland. Ten experiments involved the following three treatments: (i) control, (ii) fertilisation with rock phosphate and potassium chloride, and (iii) fertilisation with apatite ore or enriched apatite and phlogopite. Two experiments focused on the fertiliser amount. In seven experiments needle samples were collected three times: 3-7, 11-14 and 16-19 years after fertilisation and in the others once or twice (after 10-17 years). The stands suffered from phosphorus and potassium shortage on the unfertilised plots. Rock phosphate had raised the needle phosphorus concentrations slightly more than apatite by 5-7 and 11-14 years after fertilisation. By the last sampling apatite (16-19 years after) had raised the concentrations to about the same or to a higher level than rock phosphate. Potassium chloride raised the concentrations more than phlogopite during the first few years after fertilisation but the situation had reversed by 11-14 years. Five years later the change was even more pronounced. The needle potassium concentrations increased slightly with the increasing application amounts on the nitrogen-rich sites. Fertilisation with PK lowered the needle zinc, manganese, copper and boron concentrations especially on the nitrogen-rich sites.
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Kaunisto,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, Kaironiementie 54, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lannoituksen vaikutus hieskoivikoiden kasvuun ja ravinnetilaan ojitetuilla turvemailla Pohjois-Suomessa.
English title: Effect of fertilization on growth and foliar nutrient status of pubescent birch stands on drained mires in northern Finland.
Avainsanat:
nitrogen;
phosphorus;
potassium;
peatland;
Foliar nutrients;
Betula pubescens;
growth responses
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The effects of fertilization and refertilization on the growth of pubescent birch (Betula pubescens) stands growing on drained peatlands in northern Finland were studied in eight field experiments. The treatments were: (i) control with no fertilization, (ii) fertilization with nitrogen (N), (iii) fertilization with phosphorus and potassium (PK), and (iv) fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK). The sites represented four different mesotrophic to eutrophic site types with stand median heights ranging from 7 m to 13 m. Tree growth was monitored at stand level during periods of five to eleven years following the setting up of the experiments and during periods of 4 to 7 years following the repetition of the treatments in 1985. At the end of the second period, sun-exposed leaves were sampled from two stands in August 1990 for the purpose of conducting foliar nutrient analyses. The first-time fertilization treatments did not affect tree growth on any of the site types. Following the repetition of the treatments, the stands responded positively to NPK or PK fertilization on all site types except on the shallow-peated herb-rich peatland forest. There was no response to mere N-fertilization on any of the site types. The growth responses observed were weaker than those reported for Scots pine in similar climatic conditions.
Key words: Betula pubescens, foliar nutrients, growth responses, nitrogen, peatland, phosphorus, potassium
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Penttilä,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Rovaniemi Research Station, P.O.Box 16, FIN-96301 Rovaniemi, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Puutuhkalannoituksen kannattavuus eräissä ojitusaluemänniköissä.
English title: The profitability of wood ash-fertilizing of drained peatland Scots pine stands.
Avainsanat:
Scots pine;
wood ash;
forest fertilization;
internal rate of return;
net present value;
stem volume
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The profitability of wood ash-fertilizing (5-16 t ha-1) of four drained peatland Scots pine stands in central Finland was investigated. The profitability of forest drainage alone and forest drainage plus ash-fertilization was compared. After 44-56 years, the wood ash-fertilization had increased mean productivity by 3.1-12.1 m3 ha-1 a-1. Using an interest rate of 3 % and without subsidies, the net present value of the stands was 2500-20300 FIM ha-1 higher as a result of the ash-fertilization than the value given by forest drainage alone. The real internal rate of return due to ash-fertilization without subsidies was 3.7-9.3 %. The interest rate, the fertilization dose and related costs, and the stumpage prices affected profitability. The state forest improvement subsidies further increased the profitablity of ash-fertilization.
Key words: forest fertilization, internal rate of return, net present value, Scots pine, stem volume, wood ash
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, FIN-69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silfverberg, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Takamaa, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lannoituksen vaikutus kuusikoiden kasvuun ja ravinnetilaan ojitetuilla turvemailla Pohjois-Suomessa.
English title: Effects of fertilization on tree growt and nutrient status of Norway spruce stands on drained peatlands in northern Finland.
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Abstract: The stand-level responses to fertilization and refertilization were studied in seven factorial field experiments established in 1974-1976. The factors were nitrogen fertilization (N) and phosphorus-potassium fertilization (PK). The factorial treatments were applied at two levels: (i) control and (ii) fertilized with a dosage following the currently used Finnish forest fertilization guide-lines. The spruce-dominated stands were selected from areas drained according to normal forestry practises between 1932 and 1969. The sites covered fairly well the trophic variation that occurs on spruce-dominated peatlands in the mid-boreal zone in Finland. Tree growth was monitored during two periods of five to seven years. The second period followed the refertilization in 1985. At the end of the second period, one-year-old sun-exposed needles were sampled from the four southernmost stands for nutrient analyses. The effects of fertilization on tree growth were generally fairly weak and insignificant, especially during the first study period. After refertilization, the effect of N was positive in three stands on mesotrophic sites. The foliar nutrient analyses of unfertilized spruces showed low concentrations of N, P and Cu. PK-fertilization increased foliar P concentrations and, in some cases, also K concentrations. Since the PK-fertilizer included some borate, it also increased foliar B concentrations. N-fertilization did not affect foliar N, P or K concentrations but it decreased foliar concentrations of Ca, Zn, and B in some cases. Both the growth responses and the foliar nutrient analyses indicated that nitrogen was the most deficient macro-nutrient.
Key words: foliar nutrients, growth responses, mires, nitrogen, phosphorus, Picea abies, potassium
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Moilanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station, Kirkkosaarentie, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Penttilä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Tuloksia suursararämeen männikön jatkolannoituksesta Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla ja Kainuussa.
English title: Results on refertilization of large sedge swamp pine stands in the North Ostrobothnia and Kainuu area.
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The preliminary results concerning the effect of refertilization on volume increment in a pine stand at the first thinning stage are given in this article. The studied sites are thick peat, fertile pine swamps which have been originally drained during the 1930's. The refertilization was done in autumn 1974, 10-15 years after the basic fertilization.
The largest increment in stand volume was obtained with nutrient combinations comprising all three main nutrients: nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Mere PK fertilization had very little effect on the stand growth. When the amount of potassium was increased from the present recommended level, the growth reaction increased "markedly", especially on open peatlands or on stands that had been regenerated on open peatlands.
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Moilanen,
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
PK-lannoituksella aikaansaadun kasvureaktion suuruus riippuu ojitusaluemännikön ravinnetilasta.
English title: The growth response of Scots pine to PK fertilization depends on the nutrient status of the stand on drained peatlands.
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Tekijät
Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin fosfori- ja kaliumlannoituksen aikaansaaman männyn kasvureaktion riippuvuutta neulasten ravinnepitoisuuksista 36 pohjoissuomalaisella metsäojitusalueella. Tarkasteltavana vastemuuttujana oli 15 vuoden aikajaksolla lannoituksen jälkeen syntynyt ero lannoitettujen ja lannoittamattomien metsiköiden kokonaiskasvussa. Neulasanalyysin perusteella 53 % metsiköistä kärsi fosforin, 39 % kaliumin ja 19 % typen puutoksesta. Regressioanalyysin tulosten mukaan lannoit-tamattomien vertailupuiden neulasten fosfori- ja kaliumpitoisuudet selittivät 47 % metsiköiden tilavuuskasvumuutosten vaihtelusta. Turpeen tai neulasten typpipitoisuus ei vaikuttanut puiden kasvureaktioon. Johtopäätöksenä esitetään, että ojitusaluemän-niköissä lannoituksen tuottama puuston lisäkasvu voidaan suuntaa-antavasti arvioida määrittämällä neulasanalyysilla puiden ravinnetila ennen lannoitusta.
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Moilanen,
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hökkä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
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