Artikkelit jotka sisältää sanan 'management'
Puunkorjuun ajanmenekki ja kustannukset jatkuvapeitteisessä suometsien kasvatuksessa – tapaustutkimus.
English title: Time consumption and harvesting cost in continuous cover management of peatland forests — A case study.
Original keywords:
poimintahakkuu;
yläharvennus;
hakkuu;
jatkuvapeitteinen metsänkasvatus;
korjuukustannus;
metsäkuljetus;
pienaukko;
tuottavuus
English keywords:
harvesting;
productivity;
continuous cover forestry;
thinning from above;
cutting;
forwarding;
gap cutting;
continuous cover forest management;
harvesting cost;
selection cutting
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Tässä tapaustutkimuksessa laadittiin puutason ajanmenekkimallit suometsän pienaukkohakkuuseen, poimintahakkuuseen ja yläharvennukseen aikatutkimuksen perusteella sekä laskettiin korjuukustannukset kannolta tienvarteen. Poimintahakkuun puukohtainen ajanmenekki oli keskimäärin 40 % ja yläharvennuksen 47 % pienaukkohakkuuta suurempi, koska etenkin hakkuukoneen siirtymisiin ja puutavaran järjestelyyn kului poimintahakkuussa ja yläharvennuksessa enemmän aikaa.
Mäntyjen hakkuu oli pääsääntöisesti kuusten ja koivujen hakkuuta joutuisampaa. Hiljattain tukkipuun koon mitat saavuttaneiden mäntyjen hakkuu kuitenkin hidastui, koska laatuvikojen vuoksi runkoa juoksutettiin usein hakkulaitteessa edestakaisin ennen katkaisupäätöksen tekoa. Rinnankorkeusläpimitaltaan yli 30 cm koivujen hakkuun ajanmenekki oli karsintaa vaikeuttavien paksujen ja pystyjen oksien vuoksi selvästi vastaavan kokoisia havupuita suurempi.
Laskennalliset korjuukustannukset olivat samaa luokkaa kuin tavanomaisessa tasarakenteisten metsien puunkorjuussa. Puustotason korjuukustannukseksi saatiin pienaukolla 9,0 €/m3, poimintahakkuilla 9,6 €/m3 ja yläharvennuksilla 11,2 €/m3. Suuren runkokoon ansiosta puustotason hakkuukustannus oli poimintahakkuilla vain vähän korkeampi kuin pienaukolla. Yläharvennuksilla muita pienempi runkokoko nosti hakkuukustannusta. Metsäkuljetuskustannus riippui eniten kuormakoosta ja ajomatkasta. Kantavuuden salliessa tukkikuormien suurentaminen vähensi selvästi metsäkuljetuksen kustannusta isoilla puilla, jolloin poimintahakkuun puunkorjuukustannus aleni lähelle pienaukkohakkuun kustannusta. Pikkutukkien teko nosti hieman kuljetuskustannusta, kun puiden rinnankorkeusläpimitta oli 15–20 cm.
Katsaus viimeaikaisiin tutkimuksiin mustakuusen (Picea mariana) kasvatuksesta Pohjois-Ontarion turvemailla.
English title: Recent studies on black spruce management on peatlands in northern Ontario. A literature review.
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Black spruce (Picea mariana, (Mill.) B.S.P.) has been traditionally managed as evenaged stands with artificial or natural regeneration on peatlands of northern Ontario Clay Belt region. However, lack of resources to make artificial regeneration on all clear-cuts and harvest methods unfavorable for natural regeneration often resulted in unsatisfactory regeneration. As a consequence, alternative management methods have been introduced for peatland black spruce, and this literature review discusses studies of these methods. In natural stands, both evenaged and uneven-aged structures may be found, while the second-growth stands originating from old horse-logging are mostly uneven-aged, with abundant advance growth. Currently, mechanized harvest with regeneration protection has been shown to sufficiently preserve residual trees and subsequently produce stands that are heterogeneous with respect to the size structure. In second-growth stands, uneven-aged management can be implemented with minimum diameter limits determined from stand structure and cut-to-length harvesting. Such management perpetuates a stand structure appropriate for uneven-aged management. Simulation study has been made to estimate black spruce yield under uneven-aged management with varying cutting cycle and minimum diameter limit. It seems that in some peatland sites uneven-aged management is a possibility to manage black spruce.
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Hökkä,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Rovaniemi Research station, P.O. Box 16, FIN-96301 Rovaniemi, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Groot, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Wallonian suot (Etelä-Belgia).
English title: Peatlands of Wallony (S-Belgium).
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Various types of peatlands are present in Wallony: raised bogs, oligotrophic and rich fens, wet heaths, marshy woodlands. Many areas have been degraded by past and recent human activities. Much attention is now devoted to their protection, scientific study and ecological management. Besides their exceptional biological and ecological interest, they are among the last natural spaces in a very urbanised country like Belgium.
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Frankard,
Centre scientifique de la Région Wallonne, c/o Station scientifique des Hautes-Fagnes, rue de Botrange, 137, B-4950 Robertville, Belgium
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ghiette, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hindryckx, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Schumacker, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Wastiaux, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suometsien rakenne-erot keskisessä Suomessa.
English title: The structure of virgin and managed peatland forest stands in central Finland.
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The structure of peatland forests were compared between different site quality classes, drainage phases, and different forest ownership groups. The comparisons and statistical tests were made in terms of the number of tree species, range of diameter distribution and the estimated number of tree storeys, separately for spruce- and pine-dominated mires. The statistical tests were performed with multivariate analysis of variance and covariance. Tree storeys were estimated with objective rules from the peaks of continuous diameter distribution smoothed by the non-parametric kernel-estimation. The data used from the 8th National Forest Inventory of Finland.
On average the mean values of the chosen stand structure characteristics differed significantly between the site quality classes. The stands had a more diverse structure the more fertile the site was. When examining the differences between the post-drainage succession phases, a decrease of the stand structure diversity was observed in the recently drained peatlands. After this, the mean values of the stand structure characteristics increased and exceeded the values of undrained peatlands at latest in the transformed post-drainage succession stage.
Statistically significant differences in the means of stand structure characteristics between the forest ownership groups were not observed. It seems that drainage and possible cleaning cuttings have been made with the same intensity regardless of the particular forest ownership group. It is also possible that drainage causes so drastic change in growing conditions that small differences in the intensity of cleaning cuttings between forest ownership groups are disappeared.
The results correspond to the results of previous studies which have examined different stand structure characteristics. The forest on drained peatlands maintains an uneven-sized structure for quite a long period after drainage. In order to preserve habitat diversity this structure of the peatland forests should be maintained in subsequent forest management practices.
Key words: drainage, habitat diversity, peatland forest management, structure of forest stand.
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Uuttera,
The European Forest Institute, Torikatu 34, FIN-80100 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Maltamo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hotanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turvepohjaisten kasvualustojen tiivistyminen yksivuotisessa paakkutaimikasvatuksessa.
English title: Compaction of growth media based on Sphagnum peat during one-year culturing of container seedlings.
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Changes in bulk density and water retention during one-year culturing of container seedlings were studied in pure, low-humified Sphagnum peat and in peat-based two-component growth media. In all growth media, the bulk density increased slightly with time. The corresponding decrease in total porosity was negligible (< 1 %-unit for pure peat). At matric potentials < -1 kPa, water retention of growth media tended to increase somewhat with time. On the other hand, shrinkage at desorption decreased during seedling culturing. The results suggest that, from the standpoint of seedling growth, the structure of growth media based on Sphagnum peat does not markedly change or deteriorate during one-year culturing of seedlings. However, in seedling culturing peat growth media containing hydrogel may possess restricted aeration due to excess water retention, while addition of coarse textured materials, such as perlite, to peat can increase aeration.
Key words: nursery management, soil physical properties, shrinkage, substrate, water retention
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Heiskanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Suonenjoki Research Station, FIN-77600 Suonenjoki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Harvennusmenetelmien vertailu ojitetun turvemaan männikössä. Simulointitutkimus.
English title: Comparison of thinning methods in a Scots pine stand on drained peatland. A simulation study.
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The post-drainage growth of a simulated model stand according to different thinning methods was predicted for 84 years by spatial single-tree growth models. In thinnings, the post-thinning stand density varied as a function of the distance of the ditch. The best yield and income were obtained by leaving the stand near ditches and extraction road midway between ditches denser than elsewhere.
Keywords: growth model, Pinus sylvestris, stand management
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Miina,
University of Joensuu, Faculty of Forestry, P.O.Box 111, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pukkala, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Menetelmä metsäojitusvaihtoehtojen hyötyvertailuun.
English title: A method for utility comparison of forest drainage alternatives.
Avainsanat:
the Analytic Hierarchy Process;
decision analysis;
forest management planning;
multiple-use planning
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In this study, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied to the planning of peatland forest drainage. The AHP is a decision analysis method which was developed for analysing complex decision situations with respect to the preferences of the decision-maker. Both quantitative and qualitative criteria can be dealt with. Due to its simplicity and flexibility the AHP is applicable to the analysis of practical decision problems. Besides using objective data, both the expertise and subjective opinion of the decision-maker can be utilized when forest drainage alternatives are evaluated.
Keywords: the Analytic Hierarchy Process, decision analysis, forest management planning, multiple-use planning
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Kangas,
University of Joensuu, Faculty of Forestry, P.O. Box 111, SF-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soidensuojelun perusohjelman toteuttaminen.
English title: Basic plan for peatland nature conservation in Finland.
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The Government of Finland has approved a basic plan for peatland preservation. About 600 mire sites have been proposed for conservation, covering an area of ca. 490 000 hectares. State-owned mires (70 % of the area in the programme) will be protected under the Nature Conservation Act of 1923 (71/23). The mires under other ownership will be acquired by the state for preservation purposes or protected by a decision of the provincial government concerned. A special management and land use plan is to be prepared for every protected peatland area which will be approved by the Ministry of Environment.
Key words: peatland conservation, nature protection, management
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Kaakkinen,
Provincial government in Oulu, P.O. Box 293, SF-90101 Oulu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Salminen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Puuntuotannon ja puunhankinnan kehittämismahdollisuudet Etelä-Lapin ojitetuilla soilla.
English title: The development opportunities of silviculture and wood procurement on drained peatland forests in southern Lapland, Finland.
English keywords:
Drainage;
ditching;
site type;
harvesting;
thinning;
tree species;
carrying capacity;
forest management
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