Artikkelit jotka sisältää sanan 'utilization'
Japanin suot ja niiden hyväksikäyttö seka suojelu.
English title: The utilization and conservation of mires in Japan.
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Japan has approximately 200 000 ha of mires (0.5% of the total land area), and peat reserves of ca. 625 million tons. Because of the great diversity in both climatic and topographic conditions various types of mire and wetlands are found. These range from the large coastal mires in Hokkaido to the mangrove forests with surrounding limnogenic mires in subtropical regions of the Ryukyu Archipelago. The majority of Japanese mires are, however, located in regions of recent volcanic activity and on the alluvial plains of Central Honshu and northwards. Most of the lowland mires have long since been reclaimed for rice culture or have partly been buried under built-up areas. In this paper, different forms of mire utilization are outlined and 30 legally (or otherwise) protected mires in Hokkaido are briefly described.
Keywords: Hokkaido, Japan, peatlands, preservation, utilization
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Miyazawa,
University of Helsinki, Hyytiälä Forestry Field Station, SF-35500 Korkeakoski, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ranskan suot ja niiden käyttö.
English title: The peatlands in France: localization, characteristics, use and conservation.
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We find in France two main peatlands-types: topogenous Carex-fens, in the north and east of the country, and ombrogenous Sphagnum-bogs, in the medium montanes. In total, there are about 100 000 ha peatlands which correspond to a volume of 2 x 109 m3. The amount of extracted peat in France was, in the eighties, 200 000 t (dry matter). Peat is essentially used as fuel or, mixed with German or Soviet peat, as soilless substrates. The fens of the floodplains have long been used for market gardening (tradition of 'hortillonnages' in Amiens or Bourges). Two national surveys were made during energy crises, during the Second World War and at the end of the 1970s following the oil shortage. The law of July 1976 on the preservation of the countryside lists 19 peatlands plant species that are nationally protected. Ten peatlands have been classified as nature reserves and two projects are in preparation.
Keywords: agriculture, bog, fen, peat utilization
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Francez,
C.ER.E.M.CA., rue du Tisserand, Rouil-las-Bas, F-63 970 Aydat, France
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Bignon, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Mollet, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soiden hyödyntämisen historiasta Euroopassa, erityisesti Saksassa.
English title: History of the utilization of peatlands in Europe with special reference to Germany.
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From pre-christian times peatland-use and attitudes towards peatlands in Germany have changed to a great extent. Agricultural use of the inhospitable peat bog terrain only developed after the fertile soil regions had been conquered in the so-called struggle for food production. Use for fuel production never reached the amount of peatland used for agriculture, and with the use of peat as a horticultural ameliorator at the beginning of this century, only a small portion of the peat area has been touched and is not larger than the area under nature conservation. With these changes, attitudes about the associated environmental impact have shifted enormously at the same time.
Key words: Agriculture, historical review, horticulture, mire utilization
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Lüttig,
Chair of Applied Geology, University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Schloßgarten 5, D-8520 Erlangen, BRD
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suonviljely ja soiden luonnonkasvien hyödyntäminen Neuvosto-Karjalassa.
English title: Use of mires for agricultural, berry and medical plant production in Soviet Karelia.
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The utilization of mires and some recent research results carried out in Soviet Karelia (ASSR), USSR are discussed. There are 3.5 million ha of peatlands and 1.7 million ha of paludified forests. Some 78 000 ha of drained peatlands are used for cultivation of forage and vegetable crops and there are plans to increase this amount. Some 38 000 ha of virgin peatlands have been preserved for berry production (Vaccinium oxycoc-cos, Rubus chamaemorus). The cultivation of cranberry has also been studied. Karelian peatlands are also used as resources of medicinally important plants: e.g. Me-nyanthes trifoliata, Ledum palustre, Potentilla palustris, Droseraspp., Vaccinium vitis-idaea.
Key words: peatland utilization, agriculture, berry production, medical plants, Soviet Union.
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Vasander,
University of Helsinki, Department of Peatland Forestry, Unioninkatu 40 B, SF-00I70 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Lindholm, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soiden kaytöstä Minnesotassa (USA).
English title: The utilization of peatlands in Minnesota (USA).
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Minnesota's peatland resources are described, and their historical, current, and prospective uses are reviewed. Minnesota has a large peat resource that has not been intensively utilized. The state government actively encourages both the industrial development of peatlands and the preservation of significant natural peatlands. Future peatland utilization in Minnesota will probably not be monopolized by a single use, for example, traditional fuel peat production.
Key words: Minnesota, peatland utilization, peat utilization.
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Rengo,
Center for Environmental Studies, Bemidji State University, Bemidji, Minnesota 55601, USA: and Department of Botany, University of Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Koillis-Kiinan suot ja niiden hyväksikäyttö.
English title: Peatlands and their utilization in northeast China.
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Peatlands complexes, site type classification and utilization of peatlands in northeast China are reviewed. The number of mire plant species common to both Finland and northeast China is about 120. Peatlands have been reclaimed for agriculture for a long time, but amelioration for forestry is only in the beginning. However, the potential of peatlands for forestry after drainage is considered high.
Keywords: China, peatland complexes, peatland site types, peatland utilization.
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Zhao,
Changchun Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Päivänen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
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