Suo - Mires and peat vol. 40 no. 2-3 | 1989
Mitä suoarkistot voivat meille tulevaisuudessa kertoa?
English title: What would be the significance of peat archives in the future?
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An attempt is made to predict the progress of mire palaeoecological research in the near future. The prognosis is made in the light of recent advances in the field. Examples of some multi-faceted topics are given. They include ancient climatic changes for understanding the present changes, the greenhouse-effect, problems and new innovations in dating, organic pollutants such as PAHs and DDT, heavy metals and related air pollutants, man-made radionuclides, initiation of peatlands, peat growth, and fire history.
Keywords: Carbon balance, dating, fire, DDT, global warming, heavy metals, PAHs
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Tolonen,
Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box 111, SF-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turpeen kemiasta ja turpeesta kemiallisena raaka-aineena.
English title: Peat chemistry and peat as a chemical raw material.
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Peat chemistry is an important field of research, both from the molecular and from the applications point of view. Peat consists of a wide variety of different organic components and groups of compounds with differing properties. For example, the so-called humic substances can bind to and form complexes with inorganic ions. The use of peat as a chemical raw material for many chemical products is technically possible. At the present, however, the cost of production from peat needs to be significantly lower than from more conventional sources (e.g. oil) in order to overcome the complications caused by its heterogeneity and high water content. Nevertheless, it can be expected that in the coming decades the value of peat not merely as an energy source but as a chemical raw material will be realized.
Keywords: Chemical refining, organic components, peat
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Pihlaja,
Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turve — suomalainen energianlähde.
English title: Peat — a national Finnish energy resource.
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Because of the lack of hydrocarbon fuels in the Finnish territory, peat plays a very important role as an indigenous energy resource. Some 5 per cent of the area of Finnish mires is estimated to be suitable for industrial peat harvesting. This area contains so much peat that at the present consumption rate it would suffice for 400 years. In the foreseeable future industrial peat use, most of which will be for energy production purposes, could grow by 50-100 per cent compared with present use. Such development will depend, however, upon economic competition from other energy sources and pressure related to the environmental aspects of peat harvesting and use.
Keywords: Energy, Finland, future developments, peat
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Sahrman,
Association of Finnish Peat Industries, Kuokkalantie 4, SF-40420 Jyskä, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turveteollisuuden näkymät 1940-luvulla.
English title: The peat industry in the 1940s.
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Fuel peat production in Finland has usually been tied in with fuel crises in the world market. After the Second World War the most severe crisis was in 1945, when 98% of the country's energy consumption was supplied by indigenous fuels. The increase in coal imports in the late 1940s caused difficulties in the marketing of peat. Between 1945 and 1955 a law enabled the production and use of fuel peat to increase. The intention was not to solve the whole energy need of Finland with peat but to ensure the lives of people during those difficult times. Today we have a large peat production capacity, efficient power plants, and a high level of peat research in Finland.
Keywords: Energy, peat
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Ranta,
Sammonkatu 8B 57, SF-40100 Jyväskylä, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soiden maataloudellinen merkitys nyt ja tulevaisuudessa.
English title: Peatlands in Finnish agriculture now and in the future.
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While approximately 10% of agriculture in Finland is still carried out on peat soils, the area involved is decreasing faster than the area of mineral soils. However, the large reserve of peatlands in Finland may become important in the future for agricultural production as a result of global climatic warming which would move the best agricultural areas northwards.
Keywords: Agriculture, peat cultivation, peat soil, peatlands
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Heikkilä,
Society of Peat Cultivation, Karelia Research Station, SF-82600 Tohmajärvi, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suot sodanjälkeisessä asutustoiminnassa.
English title: Peatlands in the postwar colonization.
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After the Second World War appreciable areas of land in Finland were cleared for cultivation to replace cultivated fields lost in the war, in order to reach self-sufficiency in food production and to satisfy the need for land. The clearance of unproductive fens in northern Finland enabled the preservation of an equivalent area of productive forest in the central and southern parts of the country. One hectare of forest saved in this way can be estimated to have produced 160 m3 of wood from 1949 to the present time.
The colonization of Salla district in northern Finland is discussed in detail. The area of cultivated land increased by a factor of 12.3 during 1945-1969. The clearance remained unfinished, however, so that only a few of the farms reached the planned size and settlement remained smaller than intended. Nevertheless, information to date does not give any indication of cattle being given up any more rapidly on the colonization farms than on the old farms.
The area of peatland as a part of the whole cultivation has decreased but peat is still an essential feature in the agriculture of Lapland. The abundant supply of humus throughout the land is largely due to the peat. The greenhouse effect could increase the value of the northern peatlands.
Keywords: Agriculture, colonization, peatland cultivation
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Valmari,
Mäkiranta 2-4B 9, SF-96400 Rovaniemi, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kasvuturve alkuvaiheistaan nykyhetkeen.
English title: The role of peat in horticulture up to the present.
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After the Second World War greenhouse culture became more and more widespread in the industrialized countries and the need for effective plant substrates gave rise to a new industry. Peat rapidly established itself as the most important substrate for horticultural purposes. The extensive peat resources in Finland meant that peat culture soon became the dominating culture medium in Finnish greenhouse culture. Nowadays, however, water culture is becoming more and more popular.
Keywords: Cultivation, horticulture, peat
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Puustjärvi,
Riihikallio, SF-04320, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soidensuojelun kehitys Suomessa.
English title: The development of mire preservation in Finland.
Avainsanat:
peatlands;
Nature conservation
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The preservation of Finnish mires effectively started in 1965 when the Finnish Association for Nature Protection and the Finnish Peatland Society formed a joint committee for mire protection. This committee, chaired by the author, produced a conservation programme primarily for state-owned lands, comprising altogether 209 protection areas in different vegetation zones of Finland. Consequently, the majority of the areas suggested came under the jurisdiction of the National Board of Forestry.
In 1976, a new working group was established by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to assess the scientific basis of peatland protection and to prepare a comprehensive national programme for preserving Finnish mires. Most of the members of the previous committee were able to participate in the activities of the new working group. In 1979 and 1981 the Finnish Government approved in principle the basic protection plans which included approximately 600 mires covering a combined area of 0.5 Mha. In addition, national parks and strict nature reserves contain about 0.2 Mha of mires. The objective is to preserve ca. 7% of the original area (10 Mha) of Finnish peatlands. During the 1980s, some 400 000 ha of mire preservation areas have been established on state-owned land, while about 85 000 ha of privately-owned mires (included in the conservation programme) still remain unprotected. There is a clear need to complete the mire conservation programme, especially in southern Finland.
Keywords: Nature conservation, peatlands
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Ruuhijärvi,
University of Helsinki, Department of Botany, Ecological Laboratories, Fabianinkatu 24A, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soiden vyöhykejaon kehittyminen 1950-luvulla.
English title: Abstract: The concept of regionality in Finnish peatlands: a historical perspective up to the 1950s.
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The first regional division of Finnish peatlands was purposed by A.K. Cajander in the beginning of the century. It was based on vegetation, mire morphology, and landscape topography. The division was, however, difficult to compare with forest vegetation regions. As a result Prof. Aarno Kalela, in the 1950s, organized a study concerning the regionality of peat-land vegetation; the field work for which was performed by the authors as students. In this new division mire complex types and their regions were determined on the basis of vegetation but named according to mire morphology. The ecological approach to Finnish mire types also made it easier to compare them with peatland vegetation world-wide.
Keywords: Historical review, mire complex types, Finland
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Eurola,
Department of Botany, University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, SF-90570 Oulu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ruuhijärvi, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Metsänparannuksella aikaansaadun tuloksen turvaaminen metsäojitusalueilla.
English title: Confirmation of the results of forest amelioration of drained peatland forests.
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Approximately half of the original area of Finnish peatlands, 10 Mha, have been drained for forestry. In addition slightly less than 1 Mha of paludified mineral soil have been drained. The drained area comprises approximately one quarter of the present total forest area in Finland and the current growth of tree stands on drained peatland forests is steeply increasing. Thus the increase in the annual growth increment due to forest amelioration is presently c. 8 Mm3 and increasing by several percent each year. While this trend is welcome a third of drained peatland area already needs urgent additional drainage and silviculture management if it is to continue.
Keywords: Drainage, peatlands, silviculture
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Antola,
Central Forestry Board Tapio, Maistraatinportti 4A, SF-00241 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suot Suomen metsätaloudessa.
English title: Peatlands in Finnish forestry.
Avainsanat:
forest drainage;
peatlands
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Up to the present 5 Mha of peatland, i.e. 50% of the total peatland area of Finland, have been drained for forestry. The annual growth of peatland forests has increased from 6 Mm3 in the 1920s up 15 Mm3 in the 1980s, which is 22% of the total annual growth of the country's forests. To maintain the drainage systems, about 40 000 km of ditches should be cleaned annually. Silvicultural management of tree stands on peatlands is another urgent task in the near future.
Keywords: Forest drainage, peatlands
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Mikola,
Department of Silviculture, University of Helsinki, Unionin-Icatu 40 B, SF-00170 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
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