Suo - Mires and peat vol. 31 no. 2-3 | 1980

Little research has been done in the field of mushroom flora in the Finnish peatland ecosystems. The mushrooms play an important role in the energy circulation, by producing and decomposing organic matter and by forming mycorrhiza with other plants, particularly with trees (Pinus syl-vestris and Betula pubescens). The computer analysis of the vegetation revealed several vegetational groups, here referred to as vegetation types, which differed distinctly from each other. Dominant species could be found, both from the bottom and field layers (Salo 1979). The moist vegetation types are represented by Sphagnum species and the dry vegetation types are represented by feather mosses and Eriophorum vaginatum (Table 1). This investigation was carried out during 1975 and 1976 at the Alkkia experimental area of the Parkano Forest Research Station in Central Finland. The material was obtained from 38 experimental plots, comprising a total area of 1,16 ha. During the work, a total of 16 843 fruit bodies were collected in 1975 and 10 362 specimens in 1976. From the in-vestigated area a total of 107 species of fungi were found during the growing seasons of 1975 and 1976 (Table 2). Frequent mycorrhizal species were Lactarius rufus, L. helvus, Russula emetica and Dermocybe cinnamomeolutea on the virgin dwarf-shrub pine bog and on the vegetation type of Sphagnum fuscum-Calluna (Table 1). Less frequent species were Suillus variegatus, S. flavidus, Inocybe boltonii, Dermocybe palustris and Corti-narius paleaceus. On the moist Sphagnum-sites and on hummocks saprophytic species Galerina tibiicystis, Omphalina ericetorum, Nematoloma udum, Collybia dryophila (light race), C. tuberosa, Cysto-derma amianthinum coll. and Mycena galopus were frequent. Uncommon were Galerina stagnina, Lyophyllum palustre, Rhodophyllus sp., Nematoloma elongatipes, Alnicola sp., Rhodocybe sp., Xeromphalina sp. and Strobilurus tenacellus (Table 2). 33 species of mushrooms grew on the moist Sphagnum-sites. Where the drainage is older, Pleurozium schreberi has become the dominant moss in the bottom layer. In these driest vegetation types (Pleurozium-Polytrichum commune-Calluna and Pleurozium-Ledum) 40 years after drainage (Table 1) the mushroom flora was abundant. Several species of mycorrhizal and saprophytic mushrooms typical for mineral soils and spruce mires occured, alltogether 92 species. 47 of the species (44,0 %) were mycorrhizal mushrooms and 60 (56,0 %) sapro phytic.

• Salo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Turpeen kuljetukseen liittyviä ongelmia on tarkasteltu sekä laiteteknisesti että myös kustannusten kannalta, mutta toistaiseksi matemaattisten mallien käyttäminen näihin ongelmiin on ollut vähäistä (Salonen, 1979). Olemme kehittäneet yksinkertaisen lineaarisen mallin, jolla turpeen kuljetuksia voidaan tarkastella matemaattista lähesty-mistapaa noudattaen.Kokonaisratkaisu koostuu kuvassa 1 esitetyssä kaaviossa. Varastojen valvonta, kuljetuskustan-nuksien seuranta ja käyttäjien vaatimukset ovat tarvittavaa perustietoa. Tämän jälkeen generoidaan lineaarisen mallin vaatima syöttötietomatriisi. Kuljetusten optimointi tapahtuu käyttäen yhtälöitä 1—4 ja laskennan antamia tuloksia käytetään hyväksi päätöksenteossa. Mallissa otetaan huomioon kuljetustavat, vuodenajat ja eri kuljetusreittien vaikutus. Tuloksia tarkasteltaessa ja tulkittaessa käytetään hyväksi herkkyysanalyysiä.

• Mauranen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
• Nyrönen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
• Siekkinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Turpeen ioninvaihto-ominaisuuksia tutkittaessa kohdataan heti aluksi kaksi vaikeutta: 1) tutkimusmenetelmän valinta, 2) turpeen esikäsittely tutkimuksia varten. Valitsimme tutkimusmenetelmiksi staattisen ravistelumenetelmän, jossa tunnettua määrää turvetta ravisteltiin metalliliuoksella kunnes oli saavutettu tasapainotila. Tämän jälkeen liuoksen metallipitoisuus määritettiin ja sen muutoksesta alkuperäisen liuospitoisuuden nähden voitiin laskea turpeeseen sitoutuneen metalli-ioninmäärän. Toiseksi menetelmäksi valitsimme dynaamisen menetelmän, jossa tunnetun turvemää-rän läpi valutetaan vakionopeudella vakio-pitoista metalli-ionin liuosta. Liuoksen konsentraation muutoksesta voidaan laskea turpeen sitoma metalli-ionien määrä. Kuten kuvasta 4 selviää, niin pylväskokeilla saadaan suuremmat ioninvaihtokapasiteetin arvot kuin ravistelukokeilla. Kokeisiin käytimme sellaisenaan jyrsinturvetta. Eri ionien adsorptiojärjestys noudattaa Irwing-Williams'in siirtymäalkuainemetallien kompleksinmuodostusjärjestystä (Kuva 4 ja 5). Tämä on osoituksena, että lähinnä kemiallisten sidosten muodostus turpeen komponenttien ja metalli-ionien välillä hallitsee ionien adsorptiota, josta syystä ioninvaihtokapasiteetin arvo on myös voimakkaasti pHista riippuvainen (Kuva 6). Ei ainoastaan turvetyyppi, vaan myös suon sijainti vaikuttaa turpeen ionien vaihto-ominaisuuksiin. Kun verrataan eri tutkijoiden saamia tuloksia keskenään, niin on muistettava, että tutkimustulokset riippuvat suuresti käytetystä tutkimusmenetelmästä ja turpeen esikäsittelystä.

• Tummavuori, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
• Aho, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

• Niskanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo

Since 1969 the effect, as well as the need and practical possibilities, of runoff regulation in peatland areas drained for forestry have been studied experimentally by the author (Pelkonen 1975, 1976, 1979). The drainage requirements of tree stands growing on peatlands have been shown to vary considerably during the growing season. When the water table was kept close to the soil surface during spring and early summer by damming (Fig. 1), no harmful effects were noticed. Instead, quite opposite tendencies were detected during dry and warm summers. As the project is now being expanded, some further aspects of damming are dealt with. Water consumption by trees in June usually exceeds the water input as rainfall. Hence the water table should be high. Owing to the greater oxygen requirements of the roots as well as the higher probability of high-rainfall periods in late summer and autumn, the water table should be deeper than in spring and early summer (Fig. 2). In 1976, a 15-ha peatland area was drained using 110-cm deep open ditches with a spacing of 20 m between the ditches. This is a rather effective combination compared with Finnish drainage norms. Peat dams fitted with plastic discharge tubes were constructed in part of the ditches (Fig. 3). The water level in the ditch was raised by plugging the inlet end of the plastic tubes in late autumn. By keeping the inlets closed untill the end of June, the water table was maintained at depth 15—20 cm above that in the undammed strips during early summer (Fig. 4). In spite of practically constant rain fall during July and August, damming did not prevent the watertable from dropping sufficiently during late summer. In order to obtain the maximum effect from damming, the ditch network described above was planned so as to have as small a slope as possible. During damming, the ditches were almost completely filled with water. As a consequence, no vegetation appeared in the ditches during the first four years (Fig. 7 and 8). In the undammed ditches the development of vegetation was fast (Fig. 5 and 6). Owing to the slight slope of the ditch network, no direct conclusions regarding the positive effect of damming on the deterioration of open ditches can be drawn. It is well known, however, that the problem of ditch deterioration is most pronounced in areas characterized by insufficient slope. As the construction of regulated ditch networks is easily carried out in such areas, the positive effect on ditch condition might prove one of the most important arguments when considering their practical use.

• Pelkonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo