Artikkelit jotka sisältää sanan 'peatland'
Erirakenteishakkuiden vaikutus aluskasvillisuuden rakenteeseen metsäojitetuissa korvissa.
English title: Short-term effects of selection harvesting on the structure of understorey vegetation in drained Picea abies mires.
Original keywords:
kasvillisuus;
jatkuva kasvatus;
parittainen t-testi;
poimintahakkuu;
turvekangas;
yleistetty lineaarinen malli;
yläharvennus
English keywords:
peatland;
ground vegetation;
continuous cover forestry;
generalized linear model;
paired sample t-test;
thinning from above;
uneven-aged cutting
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Jatkuvapeitteistä metsänkasvatusta on ehdotettu vaihtoehdoksi avohakkuiden käyttöön perustuvalle metsänkasvatukselle etenkin turvemailla, mutta menetelmän vaikutukset tunnetaan puutteellisesti. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli analysoida voimakkuudeltaan kahden erilaisen erirakenteishakkuun (hakkuun jälkeiset puuston pohjapinta-alat 17 m²/ha ja 12–13 m²/ha) aiheuttamia, kahden vuoden aikana tapahtuneita kasvillisuusmuutoksia metsäojitetuissa korvissa sekä testata voiko hakkuiden aiheuttamia kasvilajien runsausmuutoksia ennustaa valtakunnalliseen (VMI) kasvillisuusaineistoon perustuvien mallien avulla. Erirakenteishakkuiden vaikutusta lajistoon sekä lajien ja lajiryhmien runsauksiin tutkittiin kokeellisesti kohteilla, jotka sijaitsivat eteläboreaalisen vyöhykkeen pohjoisosissa Multialla, Heinävedellä ja Juuassa. Kasvilajien vasteita koeala- ja puustotunnuksiin, erityisesti puuston pohjapinta-alaan, tutkittiin koko maan kattavan kasvillisuusaineiston avulla. Lisäksi analysoitiin vastemallien soveltuvuutta hakkuiden vaikutusten ennustamiseen käyttäen kokeellisen tutkimuksen aineistoa testiaineistona. Heinät ja sarat sekä ruohot runsastuivat nopeasti hakkuun jälkeen. Selvimmin hyötyivät pallosara (Carex globularis), metsätähti (Trientalis europaea) ja metsäalvejuuri (Dryopteris carthusiana). Kenttäkerrokseen kuuluvat puut (alle 50 cm) ja pensaat runsastuivat voimakkaammin hakatuilla aloilla, lajeista esimerkkinä vadelma (Rubus idaeus). Mustikan (Vaccinium myrtillus) ja puolukan (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) runsauksissa ei tapahtunut juuri muutoksia. Sammalet yleensä niukkenivat hakkuun myötä, mutta karikkeella kasvavat suikerosammalet (Brachythecium spp.) hieman runsastuivat voimakkaammin käsitellyillä aloilla. Lajimäärämuutokset eivät olleet tilastollisesti merkitseviä. Tutkitut käsittelyt olivat kasvillisuutta hyvin säästäviä. Tulokset ovat todennäköisesti yleistettävissä tavanomaisten harvennusten vaikutuksiin. Kasvilajien vastemallit selittivät havaittujen peittävyysmuutosten suuntaa pääosin hyvin, mutta peittävyyksien tasoissa oli selvää, osin ajourista ja hakkuutähteistä johtuvaa vaihtelua. Tutkimuksen tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää arvioitaessa eri hakkuutapojen vaikutuksia aluskasvillisuuden rakenteeseen, sen merkitykseen metsikön vesi- ja ravinnetaseisiin, metsien uudistumiseen sekä ekosysteemipalveluihin.
Metsäojitettujen soiden typpi- ja fosforikuormitus Suomessa.
English title: Forestry on drained peatlands as a source of surface water nitrogen and phosphorus in Finland.
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Viime vuosina julkaistujen tutkimusten mukaan metsäojitettujen soiden vesistökuormituksen epäillään olevan moninkertaisesti aiemmin arvioitua suurempaa. Syynä tähän on se, että kuormitusta syntyy aiemmista käsityksistä poiketen silloinkin, kun ojitusalueilla ei ole vuosikausiin tehty mitään toimenpiteitä. Tässä työssä arvioitiin metsäojitusalueilta syntyvä vesistökuormitus ottamalla huomioon sekä tämä nykyisistä metsätaloustoimenpiteistä riippumaton ”ojituslisä” että kunnostusojituksen, lannoituksen ja hakkuiden aiheuttama kuormitus. Tehdyn arvion mukaan metsätaloudesta ojitetuilla soilla syntyy Suomessa vuosittain typpikuormitusta noin 8 500 Mg ja fosforikuormitusta 590 Mg. Kun ojituslisä otetaan huomioon, typpikuormitus on noin 18-kertainen ja fosforikuormitus 6–7-kertainen aiempiin vain eri toimenpiteiden kuormitukset huomioon ottaviin arvioihin verrattuna. Vesiensuojelun kannalta oleellista olisi selvittää, mitkä tekijät ojitusalueilla aiheuttavat ojituslisän muodossa tapahtuvaa pysyvää kuormitusta ja mitä tämän kuormituksen torjumiseksi on tehtävissä.
Turvetuhka ja biotiitti männyn metsityslannoituksessa suonpohjalla.
English title: Peat ash and biotite in fertilization of Scots pine on an afforested cutaway peatland.
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In Finland peat is used in power generation, often burned with wood mixture resulting in mixed ash types. Peat ash is usually rich in phosphorus (P) but poor in potassium (K) and thus not as good fertilizer for peatland forests as wood ash. In this study we compared the effects of peat ash and peat ash with added potassium (potassium chloride or biotite) on the growth and nutrition of Scots pine seedlings on a cutaway peatland. In addition, peat ash was pelletized with biotite in one treatment. The treatments were applied around single trees with 10 replications. The study site was rich in N, but poor in P and K. Peat and foliar samples were analysed, and the height growth of seedlings was monitored for 17 years following the treatments. Pure peat ash had a positive effect on the growth of Scots pine but the survival rate of seedlings was not satisfactory. Peat ash enriched with potassium increased substantially growth of seedlings and increased the foliar K concentration compared to unfertilized control and peat ash alone. Pelletized peat ash and biotite gave similar results as the use of un-pelletized peat ash and biotite. Peat ash alone is not recommended for fertilization of Scots pine stands on drained peatlands. Adding K to peat ash enables recycling of large amounts of nutrients back to peatland forests, and is a good alternative to low-soluble P and K fertilizer. The granulation of the product would ensure good spreadability.
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Hytönen,
Natural Resources Institute Finland, Silmäjärventie 2, 69100 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
jyrki.hytonen@luke.fi
- Aro, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 3, 20520 Turku, Finland Sähköposti: lasse.aro@luke.fi
- Issakainen, Ratapellontie 11, 91500 Muhos, Finland Sähköposti: ji@nn.fi
- Moilanen, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Paavo Havaksen tie 3, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland Sähköposti: mikko.moilanen@luke.fi
Metsäojituksen vaikutuksesta ilmastoon.
English title: Climatic impacts of forestry on drained boreal peatlands.
Original keywords:
turvemaa;
ojitus;
hiilidioksidi;
metaani;
kasvihuonekaasut;
typpioksiduuli;
suometsätalous
English keywords:
peat;
peatland forestry;
ditching;
Carbon dioxide;
methane;
nitrous oxide;
greenhouse gases
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Metsäojitus vähentää merkittävästi soiden metaanipäästöjä. Rehevien ruoho- ja mustikkaturvekankaiden maaperä on kuitenkin merkittävä hiilidioksidin lähde ilmakehään turpeen vähenemisen takia. Karujen puolukka- ja varputurvekankaiden turve ei näyttäisi nykyisin merkittävästi vähenevän. Puustobiomassan merkittävän suurenemisen ansiosta Suomen metsäojitetut suot ovat tällä hetkellä kasvihuonekaasujen nettonielu.
Ilmastonmuutoksen hillitsemisen kannalta metsänkasvatuksen jatkaminen lienee paras maankäyttömuoto metsäojitetuille soille lähivuosikymmenten aikana. Vaikka laajamittaisella ennallistamisella voitaisiin estää rehevien soiden turpeen väheneminen, samalla kuitenkin puuston kasvu vähenisi ja metaanipäästö kasvaisi. Ennallistamisen jälkeen kestänee vähintään kymmeniä tai satoja vuosia, ennen kuin saavutetaan ilmaston kannalta metsänkasvatuksen jatkamista parempi tilanne. Pitkällä aikavälillä rehevien soiden ennallistaminen on kuitenkin ilmaston kannalta parempi vaihtoehto, koska jo muutaman kymmenen senttimetrin paksuisen turvekerroksen häviäminen vapauttaa enemmän hiiltä ilmakehään kuin kookaskaan puusto pystyy sitomaan itseensä.
Metsäojitettujen soiden kasvihuonekaasutaseista on viime vuosina kertynyt melko kattavasti tietoa. Jotta metsätalouden jatkamisen tai mahdollisen puuston kasvamaan jättämisen tai suon ennallistamisen ilmastovaikutuksen suuruutta voidaan täsmällisesti arvioida, tarvitaan vertailulaskelmia eri vaihtoehtojen kasvihuonekaasupäästöistä. Suuren kokonaispinta-alan takia metsäojitettujen soiden tulevalla käytöllä voi olla suuri vaikutus Suomen kasvihuonekaasupäästöihin.
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Ojanen,
Luonnonvarakeskus (LUKE)
Sähköposti:
paavo.ojanen@helsinki.fi
Azorien rahkasuot – esimerkkinä Terceira-saaren suot.
English title: Classification of Sphagnum peatlands in Azores — cases from Terceira Island.
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The aims of this study were to explore the mires (peatlands) in Terceira Island of Azores, invent their vegetation and ecology, and classify the mires to the ecological groups. In the field, totally 300 mires were identified and mapped, of which 58 were selected for the detailed analysis of this study. Physical, chemical, floristic, hydrological and geomorphologic data of the mires were collected in 1997–2004. The data were organized and analysed using ordination methods (CA). A detailed distribution map of the mires in the Island is presented. Three major mire site groups occurring in Azores were identified: (1) Basin mires; (2) Transition and raised mires and (3) Hillside and blanket mires. The profiles and the plant species of these site type groups are presented.
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Mendes,
Centro do Clima, Meteorologia e Mudanças Globais (C_CMMG) – CITTA. GEVA Intergraph Registed Laboratory, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias Universidade dos Açores. Rua Capitão João d’Ávlia – Pico da Urze 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo Açores, Portugal
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Dias, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kuormatraktorin massan hallinta kuormaimen avulla turvemaiden puunkorjuuta varten.
English title: Controlling the wheel weights of forwarders by loading and boom moving in timber harvestings on peatlands.
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Tässä kokeellisessa tutkimuksessa selvitettiin kuormatraktorin kuormauksen ja kuormaimella keventämisen vaikutusta pyörien painon jakaumiin punnitsemalla koneet ennen koetta ja sen jälkeen. Mittaustuloksista laskettiin kuormaimen taakan vaikutuspotentiaali, joka kuvaa kuormatraktorin pyörän painon muutoksen vaihtelua, kun eripainoisia taakkoja siirretään etuviistosta takaviistoon. Kuormaimen taakan vaikutuspotentiaali oli suurin 6-pyöräisen Valmet 840S-2 kuormatraktorin etupyöriin (2–24 %). Tulosten perusteella kuormatraktorin etupyörien keventäminen on mahdollista kuormaimen avulla, jos kuormain on takaviistossa 45º kulmassa. Tässä asennossa kuormain ja taakka vähensivät (keventäminen) kuormaimen vastakkaisen puolen etupyörien painoa 0–8 %. Keventäminen vähensi takapyörien painoa 19–38 %. Kahdeksanpyöräisellä Valmet 840S-2 kuormatraktorilla ”keventäminen” lisäsi etupyörien painoa 6–9 % ja vähensi takapyörien painoa 13–32 %. Yleisen käsityksen mukaan kuormatraktori on kuormattava tasaisesti asettamalla puuntyvet vuorotellen eteenpäin ja taaksepäin, jotta kuormatraktorin kuorma olisi hyvä. Tämän kokeen tulokset osoittivat, että kuormatraktori on kuormattava tyvet taaksepäin, jos tavoitteena on vähentää etupyörillä kyntämistä. Tutkimuksen perusteella kuormaimella voi vaikuttaa kuormatraktorin massan jakautumiseen pyörille. Siksi kuormatraktorin kuljettajan tilannereaktiot ja kuormaimen käyttö voivat vähentää raiteen muodostumista sulan turvemaan ajotilanteissa.
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Palander,
Teijo Palander, Itä-Suomen yliopisto, Metsätieteiden osasto, PL 111, 80101 Joensuu, email: teijo.s.palander@uef.fi
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Punttila, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kariniemi, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Harvennusten ajoittaminen ojitetuilla soilla — metsiköittäin vai kunnostusojituksen yhteydessä kerralla kuntoon?
English title: Timing of thinnings in drained peatland stands.
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Metsäkeskusten kunnostusojitushankkeiden metsikkökuvioista muodostettiin satunnaisesti yhdistäen kolme 35–50 hehtaarin suunnittelualuetta, joiden avulla tarkasteltiin ns. kerralla kuntoon -menettelyn mukaisten (toteutetaan kunnostusojituksen lisäksi kaikki tarpeelliset metsänhoitotoimet yhdellä kerralla koko suoalueelle) ja toisaalta metsänhoitosuosituksia kuvioittain mukailevien metsänkäsittelyjen tuotos- ja talousvaikutuksia. Pääasiassa karuhkoja rämeitä edustavien alueiden puustojen kehitykset simuloitiin kunnostusojituksen ajankohdasta päätehakkuuseen saakka. Erityishuomiota kiinnitettiin alueisiin sisältyvien vähäpuustoisten kuvioiden ensiharvennusten voimakkuuteen sekä harvennusten ajoittumiseen suhteessa kunnostusojitukseen. Harvennusten myöhentäminen sekä vähäpuustoisilla että muilla ns. normaalipuustoisilla kuvioilla paransi koko suunnittelualueen pitkän aikavälin taloustulosta jonkin verran, mutta vähäpuustoisten kuvioiden käsittelyajankohdan vaikutus oli selvästi suurempi. Harvennuksia myöhentämällä myös ensiharvennusten ainespuukertymä kasvoi. Jos vähäpuustoiset kuviot kuitenkin harvennettiin kunnostusojitusvaiheessa ja samaan aikaan normaalipuustoisten kuvioiden kanssa, paras tulos saavutettiin suhteellisen voimakkailla harvennuksilla. Vähäpuustoisten kuvioiden jättäminen kokonaan harventamatta johti heikoimpaan aluetason taloustulokseen. Metsänkasvatuksen pidemmän aikavälin kannattavuutta voitaisiin käytännössä parantaa rajaamalla kunnostusojitusalueen vähäpuustoiset kuviot omiksi käsittelylohkoikseen ja siirtämällä niiden harvennukset toteutettaviksi vasta alueen seuraavalla hakkuukierrolla.
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Kojola,
Soili Kojola, Metsäntutkimuslaitos, Etelä-Suomen alueyksikkö, PL 18, 01301 Vantaa, Puh./Tel. 029 532 2111, Fax: 029-532 2103, email: soili.kojola@metla.fi
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Penttilä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Pääravinnesuhteet ja kaliumin riittävyys karujen rämeiden ojitusalueilla.
English title: Macronutrient ratios and sufficiency of soil potassium in drained nutrient-poor Scots pine peatlands.
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Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää turpeen ja nykypuuston kaliumvarojen määrä sekä arvioida kaliumvarojen riittävyys puuston kasvulle päätehakkuuvaiheessa ja toisen puusukupolven aikana vanhoilla varputurvekankaan (Vatkg) ojitusalueilla Lounais-Suomessa. Tarkoituksena oli arvioida, voiko osalla karuista varputurvekankaista kalium loppua jo ennen päätehakkuuvaihetta tai viimeistään toisen puusukupolven aikana. Puustoon oli mittaushetkellä sitoutunut kaliumia keskimäärin 62 % (23–106 %) turpeen kaliumvarastoon verrattuna. Jos kiertoajan kokonaistuotokseksi arvioidaan 200 m3 ha–1, eikä turpeen tiivistymisen tai laskeuman mahdollista vaikutusta kaliummäärien muutoksiin huomioida, oli pintaturpeessa keskimäärin 67 % (34–96 %) siitä kaliummäärästä, jonka puusto tarvitsee tuon kokonaistuotoksen maanpäällisen biomassan saavuttamiseksi. Kaliumin riittävyys nykypuuston koko kiertoajalle sekä seuraavan puusukupolven tarpeisiin riippuu paljolti siitä, pystyvätkö ilmasta tuleva kalium ja turpeen tiivistyessä konsentroituva kalium kompensoimaan hakkuun ja huuhtoutumisen aiheuttamat menetykset. Tarkastelu osoittaa, että myös karuilla rämeillä käytettävissä olevan kaliumin määrä saattaa rajoittaa puuston kehitystä. Vähiten kaliumia sisältävien turpeiden kasvupaikoilla ongelmia voi ilmetä jo ensiharvennuksen jälkeen, eikä kalium ehkä riitä edes tavoiteltuun 200 m3 ha–1 kokonaistuotokseen. Kaliumin riittävyyden ongelma lienee pahin niillä varputurvekankailla, jotka ovat lähtöisin runsaasti nevapintaa sisältäneistä lyhytkorsirämeistä (LkR).
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Saarinen,
Markku Saarinen, Metsäntutkimuslaitos, Länsi-Suomen alueyksikkö, Kaironiementie 15, FI-39700 Parkano, email: markku.saarinen@metla.fi
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silver, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Koivun soveltuvuus suonpohjien metsittämisessä Irlannissa.
English title: The potential of birch afforestation as an after-use option for industrial cutaway peatlands.
Avainsanat:
fertilization;
Biomass;
natural regeneration;
downy birch;
cutaway peatlands;
sowing;
shelter
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In the next few decades, industrial peat extraction will cease gradually over more than 80,000 hectares of cutaway peatlands in Ireland and alternative land uses will change the landscape of these areas. This study showed that substantial natural regeneration of downy birch (Betula pubescens) can occur on abandoned as well as cutaway peatlands afforested with conifers. Natural seedling birch stands measured in this study had an estimated biomass production of between 3100 and 5800 kg dry matter ha–1 year–1. This corresponded to an annual carbon stock increment estimated at between 1500 and 2900 kg C ha–1. Direct sowing experiments conducted in this study were the first of their kind in Ireland and showed that sowing downy birch and fertilization with P and K could be a possible management option for the after-use of cutaway peatlands. Exposure was the main obstacle to successful germination and artificial shelter led to higher rates of germination and survival of birch seedlings after the first winter. It can be concluded that birch (naturally or artificially established) can be a feature of this future landscape, bringing many attributes: nurse species, biomass, increased woodland cover and biodiversity.
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Renou-Wilson,
F. Renou-Wilson, School of Biology and Environmental Science, Agriculture and Food Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4. Tel: +353 17167725; Fax: +353 17161102; email: Florence.Renou@ucd.ie
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pöllänen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Byrne, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Wilson, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Farrell, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Riekon (Lagopus lagopus) talviravinnon käyttö ja valinta Suomen eteläisissä populaatioissa.
English title: Winter food use and selection of willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus) in southern Finland.
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Riekkokannat Suomen eteläisissä osissa ovat heikentyneet merkittävästi viime vuosikymmenten aikana. Yhtenä keskeisenä tekijänä tälle on esitetty predaation ja metsästyspaineen ohella varsinkin avosoiden kuivattamista ja metsittymistä, jotka ovat muuttaneet riekkojen elinympäristöjä. Yhtenä syynä riekon vähenemiselle voi olla ravinnon määrän, laadun ja saatavuuden pieneneminen. Suurin osa aiemmista riekkojen ravinnonkäytön ja -valinnan tutkimuksista on tehty Lapissa kupujen sisältöjen perusteella, mutta tietoa eteläisen Suomen riekkojen ravintokäyttäytymisestä on hyvin vähän. Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkittiin riekkojen talviravinnon käyttöä ja valintaa Itä-Suomessa Ilomantsissa ja Joensuun Uimaharjussa. Näillä alueilla elää vielä pieniä riekkopopulaatioita. Tutkimuksessa selvitettiin riekkojen kokonaisravinnonkäyttöä syönnösjälkiä laskemalla. Riekkojen suhteellista ravinnonkäyttöä selvitettiin laskemalla lumijälkiä eri kasvilajien tuntumasta sekä kartoittamalla kasvillisuutta kahdessa eri mittakaavassa. Valintakokeessa riekoille tarjottiin kuutta eri pajulajia sekä hieskoivua. Riekkojen käyttämä ravinto koostui kiiltopajusta (Salix phylicifolia), pohjanpajusta (S. lapponum) ja tuhkapajusta (S. cinerea). Mustuvapajua (S. myrsinifolia) riekot söivät mielellään silloin, kun sitä oli tarjolla. Hieskoivua (Betula pubescens) riekot käyttivät ravintonaan vain vähän. Suhteessa tarjolla olevan ravinnon määrään vaivaiskoivu (Betula nana), mustuvapaju, halava (S. pentandra) ja pohjanpaju olivat halutumpia kuin kiiltopaju, mutta kiiltopaju saattaa kasvutapansa vuoksi tarjota riekoille helpommin saatavaa ravintoa. Valintakokeen mukaan riekot ovat pajulajien suhteen generalisteja. Valintakokeessa olivat mukana pohjanpaju, tuhkapaju, kiiltopaju, mustuvapaju, halava, virpapaju (S. aurita) ja hieskoivu. Virpapajua ja hieskoivua syötiin vähemmän kuin muita mukana olleita kasvilajeja. Valintakokeessa vuosikasvujen kärjet olivat suositumpaa ravintoa kuin silmut. Riekkoja olisi mahdollista ruokkia talven yli, sillä ne oppivat testilajien paikat ja palasivat samoille paikoille syömään uudet testiasetelmat. Riekot tarvitsevat vuoden aikana useita erilaisia elinympäristöjä, jotka ovat riittävän lähellä toisiaan. Eteläiset riekkopopulaatiot tarvitsevat selviytyäkseen sekä avosoita, kangasmetsiä että pajua tarjoavia talvielinympäristöjä. Tulosten perusteella talviravintoa esiintyi tutkimusalueilla riittävästi, eivätkä ravinnon määrä, laatu tai saatavuus rajoittanut riekkojen elinmahdollisuuksia.
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Miettunen,
Jenni Miettunen, Itä-Suomen yliopisto, Luonnontieteiden ja metsätieteiden tiedekunta, biologian laitos, PL 111, 80101 Joensuu, email: jenni.miettunen@gmail.com
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Vedenpinnan muutoksen lyhytaikaiset vaikutukset hiilidioksidi- ja metaanipäästöihin peittosuolla.
English title: The short-term effect of altered water level on carbon dioxide and methane fluxes in a blanket bog.
Avainsanat:
Sphagnum;
Drainage;
peatland;
methane;
flooding;
ecohydrology;
photosynthesis;
respiration;
Racomitrium;
Rhynchospora alba
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Peatlands play an important role in the global carbon (C) cycle, by acting as a large, long-term C sink. The C sink is sustained by a high water level that inhibits decomposition of organic matter. The C gas dynamics are therefore sensitive to changes in water level, and in climatically different years a peatland can vary from a sink to a source of C. We measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes from vegetation communities ranging from hummocks to low lawns in a blanket bog. After a one-year calibration period the water level was both lowered and raised experimentally and the changes in vegetation composition and gas fluxes were monitored during a further year. In all vegetation communities the water level drawdown increased the respiration rate and decreased methane emission; rising water level decreased respiration and increased methane emissions. The effect of altered water level on photosynthesis depended on species composition. Water level drawdown decreased photosynthesis in most communities; rising water level decreased the photosynthesis of hummocks species, and increased the photosynthesis of Rhynchospora alba.
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Laine,
Anna M. Laine, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, P.O. Box 3000, 90014 University of Oulu, telephone: +358 8 5531521, email: anna.laine@oulu.fi
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Byrne, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kiely, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tuittila, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Aapasoiden nuoret sukkessiovaiheet Pohjois-Pohjanmaan maankohoamisrannikolla.
English title: Young successional stages of aapa mires on the land uplift coast of northern Ostrobothnia, Finland.
Original keywords:
Aapasuo;
soiden ekohydrologia;
soiden sukkessio;
soiden kehitysvaiheet;
soiden kasvillisuusgradientit;
kronosekvenssi;
maankohoamisrannikot
English keywords:
peatland;
aapa mire;
ecohydrology;
successional stages;
vegetation gradients;
chronosequence;
land uplift coast
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Maankohoamisesta johtuvan rannansiirtymisen tuloksena on Perämeren rannikolle syntynyt aapasoiden nuorista kehitysvaiheista koostuvia sukkessiosarjoja. Ne ovat ekologisesti ja tieteellisesti arvokkaita ekosysteemejä, jotka ovat ainutlaatuisia maailmassa. Näiden soiden ekologiaa ja nykyistä tilaa on kuitenkin tutkittu verrattain vähän. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa tietoa aapasoiden nuorten kehitysvaiheiden suojeluarvon ja niiden säilymiseen liittyvien uhkien arviointiin ja selvittää soistumiseen liittyviä syitä sekä kasvillisuuden ekologisten vaihtelusuuntien ilmenemistä hydrologialtaan erilaisissa osissa suoaltaita. Tässä tutkimuksessa esitetään tuloksia nuorten (alle 2000 vuotta), luonnontilaisten aapasoiden määrän arvioinnista ja niiden kasvillisuuskartoituksesta kahdelta laajimmalta yhtenäiseltä aapasoiden sukkessiosarja-alueelta Perämeren rannikolla. Alueista toisen maaperä on moreenivaltainen ja toisen hiekkavaltainen. Tulokset osoittivat, että aapasoiden kehitysvaiheissa on suuri osa lettomaisia ja keskiravinteisia nevoja ja vain hyvin rajallinen määrä rahkasammalten kasvusta eroaa rämeiden sukkession alkuvaiheiden kehityksestä. Aapasoiden sukkessiosarjat ulottuvat koko valuma-alueen soistumiseltaan useiden satojen hehtaarein alueelle. Hydrologialtaan erilaiset valuma-alueen osat kehittyvät yhdessä muodostaen yhden kokonaisuuden. Vedenjakajien tuntumassa primääristä soistumista ilmenee pienien painanteiden ja lampien soistumisena, missä rahkasammalten kasvu painanteiden yli on hyvin nopeaa. Valuma-alueen alajuoksun osissa primääristä soistumista tapahtuu laajoilla märillä luhdilla, jossa veden virtaus on voimakasta. Myöhempi suon kehitys, jossa tapahtuu mm. ympäröivien kangasmetsien soistumista näyttää johtavan aapasuokompleksin muodostumiseen, jossa reunaosat ovat rahkasammalen vallitsemia ja keskusosat rimpipintaisia. Tulokset osoittavat, että nuorten aapasoiden suojelussa olisi olennaista kiinnittää huomiota soistuvien valuma-alueiden hydrologian säilyttämiseen. Valitettavasti hyvin harvat tällaisista valuma-alueista ovat enää nykyisin luonnontilaisia.
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Rehell,
Sakari Rehell, Metsähallitus, luontopalvelut, PL 81, FI-90101, Oulu, Finland. e-mail: sakari.rehell@metsa.fi
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Heikkilä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
PK-lannoituksen vaikutus männyn ravinnetilaan Pohjois-Pohjanmaan ojitusalueilla.
English title: Long-term nutrient status of PK fertilized Scots pine stands on drained peatlands in North-Central Finland.
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The low availability of usable phosphorus (P), as well as the scarcity of potassium (K), are often limiting tree growth on peatlands. Approximately one third of the 5.5 million ha of peatlands drained for forestry in Finland has been fertilized during the last 50 years. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term effect of PK fertilization on the nutrient status of Scots pine on different site types of drained peatlands. Changes in nutrient concentrations (N, P, K) and dry mass of current needles was used for examining the effect of fertilization. The material included 82 fertilization experimental stands comprising a total of 892 needle samples; 434 from PK-fertilized and 458 from unfertilized control stands. The needles were collected and analyzed between 1980 and 2002. Depending on the experiment, a time period of 1–35 years had elapsed between fertilization and needle sampling. More than half (54%) of the control stands had P concentration below the defi ciency limit 1.3 mg g–1, and correspondingly, 48% had K concentration below 4.0 mg g–1. Fertilization increased considerably the needle dry mass and foliar P and K concentration raised above the deficiency limits. The lower the concentrations of foliar P and K and the higher the concentration of N were in control trees, the more pronounced the effect of PK fertilization was. Compared to control, the needle P concentration was still noticeably higher on the fertilized stands after 21–35 years of the fertilization. However, K concentration had decreased and was at the same level as in the control trees. The effect of fertilization was strongest on sites which had been treeless or sparsely forested before drainage and which had severe nutrient shortages or imbalances. The response to fertilization was very similar regardless of the temperature sum of the year the needles first appeared. The results of this study show that the P status of Scots pine could be improved for over 30 years with single fertilization. On the other hand, ensuring the K status will require 1–2 refertilization treatments during the rotation period.
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Silfverberg,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Unit, P.O. Box 18, FI-01301 Vantaa
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Etelä- ja keskiboreaalisten soiden pintakerroksen hiilidynamiikka.
English title: The carbon dynamics of surface peat layers in southern and central boreal mires of Finland and Russian Karelia.
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The carbon pool of surface layers (up to 500 years old) in 73 boreal mires was investigated in order to assess its significance in the carbon cycle. Peat columns were collected from mires of varying depth, age and degree of natural state in the aapa mire and raised bog regions and coastal mires of southern and central Finland and Russian Karelia. The quantities of carbon sequestered during recent centuries and over the entire lifetimes of the mires were determined using a total of 367 dates (186 14C AMS and 181 conventional dates) and age-depth models derived from bulk density measurements. Particular attention was paid to accumulation over the last 100 and 300 years, as these periods encompass the best estimates of the acrotelm age across the range of sites investigated. The average carbon pool of layers younger than 300 years was determined as 101 ± 8 tonnes ha-1 in the aapa mire region, 115 ± 9 tonnes ha-1 in the raised bog region and 184 ± 20 tonnes ha-1 in coastal mires. Overall, the mean carbon pool of layers younger than 300 years was calculated to be 121 ± 7 tonnes ha-1 (range 44–259 tonnes ha-1) and of layers younger than 100 years 63 ± 4 tonnes ha-1 (range 17–141 tonnes ha-1). The size and dynamics of the carbon pool represented by these surface layers depends upon the mire site type, vegetation and natural state; variations reflect differences in plant communities as well as factors that affect biomass production and decay rates. The high carbon accumulation in surface layers is temporary and mainly related to the development of the mire. The surface layers are still undergoing a rapid carbon cycle. A relatively rapid accumulation and turnover of carbon is taking place in surface layers (<300 years) in the same way as in a growing forest. Therefore, this "pre-peat" in the surface layers of mires should be distinguished as a separate class from the peat underneath. Our results indicate how important it is to understand the carbon accumulation rates of surface layers and the long-term dynamics of mire carbon accumulation in order to set the current flux estimates in perspective.
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Mäkilä,
Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box, 96, 02151 Espoo, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Goslar, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kivennäismaalisäyksen vaikutus turpeen ravinnemääriin ja männyn ravinnetalouteen metsäojitetuilla soilla.
English title: Long term effects of mineral soil addition on the nutrient amounts of peat and on the nutrient status of Scots pine on drained mires.
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Six field experiments on the use of mineral soil for amelioration of pine-dominated peatland forests were established in the 1920’s and 1930’s on drained mires in southern and central Finland. The treatments consisted of varying amounts of different textured mineral soil added on top of peatland. Soil samples were taken 52–74 years after the mineral soil application in 10 cm layers, up to 40 or 50 cm depth. The samples were analysed for pH, ash content, bulk density and nutrient concentrations. In two of the experiments, foliar samples of Scots pine were analyzed 66 and 77 years after the mineral soil application, and in one experiment, tree growth was measured for the period of 31–60 years after the application. The mineral soil had a long term effect on the physical and chemical properties of the top peat layer. Ash content and bulk density of the peat increased along with increasing application amounts, as did soil total P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and B. The changes caused by the mineral soil were mostly restricted to the top 30 cm layer. The higher the soil fine fraction was, so was the increase in peat total P, K, Ca and Mg amounts. The addition of mineral soil increased tree growth and improved nutrient deficiencies (P, K) of Scots pine on one experiment, but decreased the B concentrations near the deficiency level.
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Hytönen,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Unit, P.O. Box 44, FI-69101 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silfverberg, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suomen suosysteemit - erityistarkastelussa aapasuot ja niiden vedenvirtauskuviointi.
English title: Mire systems in Finland - special view to aapa mires and their water-flow pattern.
Avainsanat:
mire classification;
raised bog;
aapa mire;
groundwater;
mire hydrology;
aerial photograph interpretation;
peatland morphology;
slope fen
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An attempt is made in this paper to create two consistent mire typologies, i.e. 1) the Combined Finnish Mire Typology covering all possible mire areas in Finland and 2) the Mire Water Flow Typology for boreal, zonal mire systems, i.e. aapa mires and raised bogs. Furthermore, larger groundwater recharge-discharge patterns concerning mires and the biological significance of morphologic and hydrologic mire classifications are discussed. Zonal mire systems from raised bogs to aapa mires are described as a dominance-based continuum. Local mire systems are subdivided according to factors that impede the formation of mire massifs, which are the essential morphological units of zonal mire systems. Smaller-scale mire units for aapa mires and the acrotelmic flow pattern are presented on the basis of a typical mid-boreal aapa mire system with a raised bog, based on the aerial photograph interpretation. The discussion of the groundwater recharge-discharge pattern and the biological significance of morphologic and hydrologic mire classifications is based on literature.
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Laitinen,
University of Oulu, Department of Biology, Botany, P.O.Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Rehell, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Huttunen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tahvanainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Tutkimuksia suonpohjien jälkikäyttömahdollisuuksista Irlannissa.
English title: Tomorrow's landscapes: studies in the after-uses of industrial cutaway peatland in Ireland.
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With the cessation of industrial peat harvesting, there is an opportunity to create new landscapes that can confer both socio-economic and ecological benefits. This paper reviews over 50 years of study in the after-use potential of industrial cutaway peatlands in Ireland. The options for after-use are determined to a large extent by the residual peat type, hydrological constraints, geographic location and economic considerations. Over the years, the main areas of investigation have included commercially driven options such as agriculture, forestry, and biomass production, as well as the more ecological and environmental options such as dryland recolonisation and wetland creation/restoration. In that time, the emphasis has continually changed as new research has emerged, in turn directing and shaping decision-making. By 2050, around 80000 ha of harvested peatlands will have become available for other uses. As such, a coherent post-harvesting strategy, underpinned by previous and future research, is essential in order to maximise the potential of these new ecosystems.
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Renou,
School of Biology and Environmental Science, Agriculture and Food Science Centre, University College Dubline, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Egan, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Wilson, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turvekerroksen ajoittaminen vulkaanisen tuhkan avulla.
English title: Experiments on the taphonomy of tephra in peat.
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Understanding the taphonomy of tephra (volcanic ash) is crucial to the use of tephrochronology in peatlands. This study uses field experiments on a Scottish peatland to investigate the post-depositional movement of tephra in peat. Experiments were designed to investigate the temporal change in tephra profiles over a 24-month study period, the horizontal distribution of tephra and the microscopic distribution of tephra particles within the peat. Tephra concentration profiles show that the majority of tephra shards are retained within the top cm of peat with small numbers penetrating to a maximum of 6 cm depth. This distribution would be reduced as the peat is compressed with subsequent accumulation. Examination of thin sections from the plots indicates that tephra movement may be dependent on the microscopic structure of the peat, especially porosity. These results provide general support to the use of tephrochronology although further work will be required, particularly in other peat types and environments.
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Payne,
Department of Geography, Queen May, University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS United Kingdom
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kilfeather, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- van, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Blackford, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Pinus sylvestris L. on drained peatlands.
English title: Long-term effects of apatite and biotite on the nutrient and stand growth of Scots pine.
Avainsanat:
phosphorus;
potassium;
nutrient status;
Fertilisation;
nutrient deficiency;
drained peatland;
potassium chloride;
rock phosphate
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Phosphorus and potassium deficiencies are common in Scots pine stands growing on drained peatlands. In this study, the foliar nutrient concentrations and stand growth were monitored after the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilisers of different solubility in four experiments on thick-peated drained peatlands in northern central Finland. The studied stands involved three fertilisation treatments: (i) unfertilised control, (ii) rock phosphate and potassium chloride, and (iii) apatite and biotite. The growth of stands was monitored 20–25 years after the fertilisation. Needles were sampled four times: 4–9, 11–14, 16–19 and 21–24 years after the fertilisation.
According to foliar analyses, the trees on the control plots suffered from severe phosphorus and potassium deficiencies. Rock phosphate and apatite fertilisation increased the foliar phosphorus concentrations above the deficiency limit, and the effect was still noticeable 21–24 years after the application. Both potassium sources, that is, the slowly soluble biotite and the water-soluble potassium chloride increased the foliar potassium concentration to an adequate level. Potassium chloride increased the concentrations faster and stronger than biotite during the first years (4–9) after the applications. The situation was reversed when 11–14 years or more had passed from the fertilisation: the biotite fertilised stands had higher potassium concentrations. The fertilisation treatments decreased the foliar nitrogen, zinc, manganese, copper and boron concentrations.
The fertiliser applications increased the stand volume growth considerably. Raw phosphate and potassium chloride increased the volume growth significantly already during the first five-year period. The effect of the apatite and biotite treatment was weaker during the first 10 years, but became stronger with time. During the period 19–24 years after the fertilisation, the stand growth on the biotite plots was equal to that of the plots fertilised with potassium chloride. However, during the whole study period the differences between the treatments remained insignificant.
The results showed that slowly soluble apatite and biotite are suitable sources of phosphorus and potassium for pines on drained peatlands. However, to avoid boron deficiency, also boron should be added simultaneously.
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Moilanen,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station, Kirkkosaarentie 7, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pietiläinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Pinus sylvestris L. on drained peatland after potassium fertilisation.
English title: Nutrient status and growth of Scots pine.
Avainsanat:
drained peatlands;
needle analysis;
Pinus sylvestris;
Fertilisation;
nutrient deficiency;
growth increment;
nutrient concentration;
potassium chloride
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The effects of potassium (K) fertilisation on the nutrient status and growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands on drained peatlands were studied on three field experiments in northern central Finland. The Scots pine stands were at a sapling or pole stage with a dominant height of 3–8 m when the experiments were set up. The stands differed from each other in their nutritional status, for example, the foliar K concentration varied considerably between the experiments. The experiments were fertilised with potassium chloride, rock phosphate (P 42kg ha-1) and urea (N 46kg ha-1) between 1979 and 1980. The potassium doses in terms of elemental K, were 50, 100, 200 and 400kg ha-1. The foliar samples were taken three times during the study period: 7–9 years, 14–15 years and 19–20 years after fertilisation. The stand measurements were done 19–22 years after the fertilisation.
The rate and magnitude of stand response due to fertilisation depended essentially on the nutritional status of the trees. The strongest effect of PK-fertilisation was obtained on a nitrogen-rich peatland, where the stands suffered from severe phosphorus and potassium deficiencies (foliar P concentration < 1.2 mg g-1, K concentration < 3.5 mg g-1). During the study period, the annual stand volume growth on fertilised plots ranged from 3.9 to 5.4 m3 ha-1 a-1, and that of the unfertilised plots was 0.78 m3 ha-1 a-1. In other sites, where the lack of phosphorus and potassium was not so drastic, nor did the trees suffer from shortage of nitrogen, the effect of PK-treatment on tree growth was weak or almost non-existent.
The foliar K concentrations rose with the amount of potassium chloride applied. The fertilisation effect of the dose of 100kg K ha-1 lasted 15–20 years, after which the foliar K concentration dropped close to the deficiency limit. The effect of the larger doses (200–400kg K ha-1) on the needle K concentration was more pronounced and still visible at the end of the study period. However, the stand growth responses gained with larger potassium applications were not essentially greater than those with the 100 kg ha-1 dose.
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Pietiläinen,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station, Kirkkosaarentie 7, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vesala, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Vedenpinnan nousu avohakkuun jälkeen ojitetulla puustoisella suolla.
English title: Water table rise after harvesting in treed fen previously drained for forestry.
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Water table measurements were obtained in a treed fen that was drained in 1987 and harvested for timber in 1997. The water table level was quantified at five different distances from the ditch for three ditch spacing. Water table levels were compared between pre-drainage, post-drainage and post-removal of the canopy. The phenomenon of watering-up after clear-cutting did not occur where a drawdown of at least 10 cm was caused by the drainage. This lowering was observed across the 20 m ditch spacing and within the first 6 m from the ditch, in the 40 and the 60 m spacing. The water table fluctuations were also reduced after harvesting.
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Jutras,
Forest Biology Research Centre, Université Laval, Sainte-Foy, QC G1K7P4 Canada
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Plamondon, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suonpohjien turpeen alaisen mineraalimaan ominaisuudet eri geologisilla alueilla.
English title: The characteristics of mineral subsoils of Finnish cut-away peatlands related to different geological areas.
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In Finland, the whole peat layer of a peat production area is used due to the value of the basal peat as energy peat. In this situation the properties of the mineral subsoil below the peat layer are significant when choosing the form of after-use. The geochemical provinces are based on the chemical features of the fine material in till, related to differences found in the bedrock, defined by Geological Survey of Finland. The study of peat production areas (1998-1999, covering 9800 ha) shows that the characteristics of the provinces affects the subsoil sediments. In Lake Ladoga–Bothnian Bay zone subsoils were rich in sulphur and iron. The amount of water soluble sulphur was 3-6 times higher than that in the Granitoid area of Central Finland and the Archaean gneiss areas (calculated as mg kg-1). Below the highest shoreline of the ancient Litorina Sea the average content of the water soluble sulphur in subsoil sediments was ca. seven fold compared to the content found above the highest shoreline, (calculated as mg kg-1). There was also a difference in soil acidity between these areas. Nutrient content varied between sediments, which have the same fine material percentage. In the Lake Ladoga–Bothnian Bay geological zone and in the zones of Svecocarelian schists and gneisses, natural nutrient levels are high when compared to the Granitoid areas.
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Picken,
Kekkilä Oyj, P.O. Box 67, 04300 Tuusula, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Arokosteikot: ekologia, esiintyminen ja suojelutilanne Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla ja Kainuussa.
English title: Aro wetlands: ecology, occurrence and conservation in north-central Finland.
Avainsanat:
Nature conservation;
aapa mire;
ecological gradient;
Finnish mire site type system;
groundwater;
mire complex;
peatland morpology;
seasonal drought;
wetland classification
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The present paper introduces and describes a poorly known wetland type – aro wetland – in well permeable mineral soil substratum in Northern Ostrobothnia and Kainuu (between 64° – 66° N lat.). Field observations (linked with the interpretation of aerial photographs) were made in 32 localities, whose conservation status is presented. We define boreal aro wetlands ecologically as a seasonal wetland type of their own which occur on well-drained mineral soil, which are mainly characterised by treeless, mire expanse fen vegetation and in which the peat accumulation is (almost) totally hampered by the vigorous decomposition of the organic matter resulting from an extremely unstable water regime (flood and seasonal drought) and small plant production. Aro wetlands in the western part of the study area occur on sandy substratum (the largest in parts of mire complexes split by ancient raised beach ridges), whereas in the eastern part the aro wetlands known so far are small pond-like depressions in till substratum. Carex lasiocarpa (mostly) dominates the vegetation on sandy substratum. Juncus filiformis and Carex nigra are typical, and Rhynchospora fusca and Molinia caerulea a bit rarer. Sphagnum cover is usually minimal. Considering aro wetlands an extreme case of suo (mire) makes the stability of water regime (stable – unstable) a direction of variation in the traditional Finnish mire site type system, which is based on several ecological gradients.
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Laitinen,
University of Oulu, Department of Biology, Botany, P.O.Box 3000, FI-90014, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Rehell, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Huttunen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Eurola, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Viljeltyjen turve- ja multamaiden pinta-ala ja alueellinen jakauma Suomessa.
English title: The area and distribution of cultivated organic soils in Finland.
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The area of cultivated organic soils, and their distribution in Finland were estimated.
The estimation was based on the soil classification data collected by three authorised
soil testing laboratories, and the statistics of the arable land area. The data was collected
in a five year period (1998-2002). During this period, over 90% of farms received
environmental EU supplement and had their soils analysed. Therefore, the reliability of
the estimation was now better than it used to be before Finland joined the European
Union. In the Finnish soil classification system, organic soils are divided into two classes
depending on their organic matter content. The area of organic soils with the organic
matter content of ≥40% (m/m) (i.e. peat) was 85000 ha, i.e. 3.8% of the arable area. The
area of organic soils with the organic matter content of 20-39.9% (m/m) and often with
a mineral subsoil, was 214 000 ha i.e. 9.7% of the arable area. Altogether, the area of
these soils was 300 000 ha i.e. 13.6% of the total arable area in Finland.
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Myllys,
Maa- ja elintarviketalouden tutkimuskeskus MTT, Maaperä ja ympäristö 31600 Jokioinen
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sinkkonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Koivuverhopuuston tiheyden ja kuusialikasvoksen pituuden tasauksen vaikutus taimikon pituuskasvuun ojitusalueella.
English title: Impact of birch crop density and heigth equalization of Norway spruce understorey on spruce seedlings' height growth on a drained peatland.
Avainsanat:
Betula pubescens;
Picea abies;
drained peatland;
height equalization;
height growth;
natural seedlings;
nurse crop density;
understorey
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A viable understorey of Norway spruce often develops under a nurse crop on nutrientrich
peatlands drained for forestry. The impact of birch nurse crop density and height
equalization of the Norway spruce understorey on the height growth of spruce seedlings
was studied on three sites: on a transforming herbrich spruce swamp, an abandoned
peat field and a mixed peat/mineral soil field. The nurse crop was managed in
1990: 1) no thinning, 4000 stems ha-1, 2) thinning to 1000 stems ha-1. 3) thinning to
500 stems ha-1, or 4) removal of the nurse crop. In addition, the spruce seedlings over
1 m in height were removed from randomized halves of each plot. The unmanaged
nurse crop reduced the growth of the understorey the most on all the sites. On the other
hand, the spruce seedlings grew the best on the plots where the nurse crop had been
removed. Due to height equalization the growth of the spruce understorey first slowed
down, but towards the end of the study period the height growth of the equalized and
non-equalized spruce understoreys were almost the same.
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Päätalo,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Muhos Research Station, Kirkkosaarentie 7, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hilli, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tillman-Sutela, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Mustakuusen ja männyn istutustaimikon kehitys karulla ojitetulla suolla.
English title: Development of planted black spruce and Scots pine on an oligotrophic drained peatland.
Avainsanat:
afforestation;
Pinus sylvestris;
Picea mariana;
treeless peatlands;
young stand development
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The development, structure, production and fertilisation of planted black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands growing on a drained, originally treeless Sphagnum papillosum fen (LkKaN) in Central Finland up to the age of 30 years were studied. For black spruce the stem number was 2250 stems ha–1, dominant height was ca 7.1 m, the mean stand volume 26 m3 ha–1, the annual mean volume increment 1.5 m3 ha–1 and the total mortality based on stem number was 21%. For Scots pine the comparable characteristics were 1015 stems ha–1, 10.4 m, 45 m3 ha-1 , 3.3 m3 ha-1 and 59% respectively. Fertilisation had no apparent impact on the stand characteristics. About 63% of the planted black spruce individuals had at least one vegetatively generated layer. High number of layers seemed to have a negative effect on dominant parent tree growth. It is concluded that growth and yield of black spruce are generally not competitive in operational forestry in Finland. However, black spruce could be used as an alternative tree species in treeless areas that resist afforestation, and it might also be cultivated for decorative purposes.
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Sarkkola,
Department of Forest Ecology, P. O. Box 27, Fin-00014 University of Helsinki
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Päivänen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Verhopuuston tiheyden ja lannoituksen vaikutus kuusen taimien pituuskasvuun ojitetulla turvemaalla.
English title: The effect nurse crop density and fertilization on the height growth of Norway spruce seedlings on drained peatland.
Avainsanat:
peatland;
Foliar nutrients;
Betula pubescens;
growth responses;
Picea abies;
planting;
release cutting
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A natural understorey of Norway spruce often develops under birch on oligo-mesotrophic
peatlands, but spruce can also be planted on these sites. The effects of fertilization and
the density of the pubescent birch nurse crop on the height growth and needle nutrient
status of a planted spruce understorey on an old drained herb-rich sedge pine fen was
investigated in this study. The spruce transplants were planted early in the 1960’s. The
nurse crop was removed, thinned to 200 stems ha-1 or left unmanaged in 1988. A number
of plots were also fertilized. The height growth of the spruce transplants was measured
during two periods after management, and the needle nutrient concentrations were
determined before fertilization and again 10 years later. The height growth of the spruce
was 40 - 60% greater after removal of the nurse crop than that under the unthinned
nurse crop. Even the thinned nurse crop slowed down the growth of the understorey.
However, height growth was the best on the plots on which the nurse crop was removed
and the plots fertilized.
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Hilli,
OSLA, Kirkkotie 1, FIN-91500 Muhos, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Päätalo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Piiroinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Jatkolannoituksen ja kasvatustiheyden vaikutus nuorten mäntymetsiköiden ravinnetilaan sekä puuston ja juuriston kehitykseen paksuturpeisella suonpohjalla.
English title: Effect of refertilisation and growing on the nutrition, growth and root development of young Scots pine stands in a peat cutaway area with deep peat layers.
Avainsanat:
afforestation;
root penetration;
Pinus sylvestris;
nutrition;
Fertilisation;
cutaway peatlands;
N/P ratio
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The effects of refertilisation and growing density on the soil and tree nutrition, root
penetration and growth of Scots pine stands were studied in a cutaway peatland area
with deep peat layers. The fertilisation treatments were control, N1975+PKB1985 and
PK1975+PKB1996 refertilisations and those of the growing density <1 300, 1 654 and
1 954 trees ha-1. The maximum root penetration varied between 26 and 34 cm independently
of the treatments. The N/P ratios in pine needles were quite high even on the
refertilised plots (11.6-15.7). The duration of P fertilisation seems to be shorter (about
15 years) on cutaway peatlands with deep peat layers than on drained peatland forests.
The greatest yield without natural removal (239 m3 ha-1, on an average) in 35-years-old
stands was measured on plots, which had the highest growing density and had been
repeatedly fertilised with PK. The results show that quite a high yield of Scots pine can
be reached on cutaway peatlands. However, pine has to be fertilised with PK at the
afforestation stage and at least once later if the remaining peat layer is 40-60 cm, and
possibly several broadcast fertilisations are needed on peat layers deeper than 60 cm. It
seems that growing tree stands on cutaway peatlands in higher densities than in conventional
forestry may improve nutrient cycling in stands and hence decrease leaching
of nutrients from the site.
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Aro,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, Kaironiementie 54, FIN-39700 Parkano
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kaunisto, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Typpioksiduulivirrat suunnitellun Vuotoksen tekojärven alueen soilta.
English title: Fluxes of nitrous oxide on natural peatlands in Vuotos, an area projected for a hydroelectric reservoir in northern Finland.
Avainsanat:
global change;
Northern boreal peatlands;
climate warming;
flooding;
greenhouse gas emission;
hydro dam
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Nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were measured on ten natural minerotrophic peatlands in an area planned for a hydroelectric reservoir (Vuotos) in northern Finland. The mean N2O fluxes from the sites with mean water tables from –25 to 3.4 cm (negative below the peat surface) ranged from –30 to 230 µg m–2 d–1 during summer 1994. At the driest site, the herb-grass spruce mire with the mean water table at –38 cm, the mean summertime N2O emission was 940 µg m-2 d-1 in 1994, attributable to the increased N2O release at low peat temperatures in autumn. A similar increase in the N2O emissions was not found in 1995, as the measurements were finished before the peat started to freeze. The mean N2O fluxes at the sites correlated negatively with the mean water table levels. The peatlands in the northern boreal zone are unlikely important sources of atmospheric N2O in their natural state. The planned reservoir would barely have large long-term N2O emissions from the pelagic zone, but the importance of temporally flooded areas in the postflood N2O release is uncertain similar to the short-term emissions following the flooding.
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Huttunen,
Research and Development Unit of Environmental Health, Department of Environmental Sciences, Bioteknia 2, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Nykänen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Turunen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Nenonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Martikainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kasvillisuuden ja maanmuokkauksen vaikutus männyn ja koivun taimettumiseen varpu- ja puolukkaturvekankaille.
English title: Effect of vegetation and site preparation on the restocking of Scots pine and birch in dwarf-schrub and Vaccinium vitis-idaea type peatland forests.
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The study deals with the natural regeneration of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch (Betula pendula & B. pubescens) on ten experimental fields on peatland sites drained for forestry, mainly during the 1930s. The principal goal of the study was to investigate the effect of different types of natural ground vegetation on the restocking of pine and birch following site preparation (rotavation and mounding) on old drainage areas. Rotavation, which corresponds to disc trenching on upland forest soils, is capable of producing fully-stocked pine stands. The effect of surface treatments such as rotavation depends, however, on the predominant ground vegetation. Sphagnum moss patches are often well restocked even when not prepared, which means that site preparation often only has an effect on transformed Pleurozium and Dicranum vegetation. The success of rotavation has also encouraged forest owners to use other alternative methods of surface treatment such as mounding. The tree seedlings tend to be concentrated on the surface of the furrows produced by rotavation, which means that restricting digger-scarification to the topmost surface of the soil on well-drained regeneration sites can produce the same result; the required machinery is usually already present at the site for ditch network maintenance.
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Saarinen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, Kaironiementie 54, 39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kuusen neulasanalyyttinen kaliumravitsemuksen arviointi eri vuodenaikoina.
English title: Estimating potassium nutrition of Norway spruce with needle analysis during different seasons.
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The aims of this study were 1) to get a better background for estimating limit values of potassium nutrition for Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and 2) to find out if the needle potassium nutrition during dormancy could be estimated by analysing needles collected before the dormant period. Five groups of trees with different nutritional backgrounds were selected. One was on a shallow-peat (5–30 cm) mineral soil slope and four on a deep-peat site next to it. Needles were collected four times during the autumn months and twice during dormancy. The needle K concentration of a severe potassium deficiency limit indicated by the exponential accumulation of putrescine, was about 4.5 mg g–1. However, trees suffered from potassium shortage already at the potassium concentrations of about 5 mg g–1. The needle potassium concentrations during the autumn months from late August to early October were in very close correlation with the concentration during dormancy, y = 0.869x – 0.208 (r2 = 0.92), where y is the potassium concentration in the winter months and x that during the autumn months.
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Kaunisto,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, Kaironiementie 54, 39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sarjala, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ojitettujen suokuusikoiden ravinnetarpeen määritys neulasanalyysillä.
English title: Nutritional diagnosis of Norway spruce stands growing on drained peatlands using foliar analysis.
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The purpose of this study was to determine critical nutrient concentration values for interpreting foliar analysis of Norway spruce stands growing on drained peatlands. During 1987–91, a total of 162 spruce needle samples from various peatland sites in Finland were taken and analysed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The mean height growth of the two preceding growing seasons was used as the growth parameter for multiple and simple regression analyses. Foliar concentrations significantly explained height growth. Simple regression analysis was used to estimate the following critical values indicating severe to moderate nutrient deficiencies for the main nutrients: N 1.15–1.30%, P 1.70–2.30 mg g-1 and K 5.40–6.60 mg g-1. Also the following tentative critical concentrations are suggested: Cu 2.0 mg kg-1, Fe 13.0 mg kg-1, Mg 0.80 mg g-1 and Zn 16.0 mg kg-1. Results for B are in accordance with previous, but unsubstantiated, critical values (6–8 mg g-1).
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Veijalainen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Centre, P.O. Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Leijailmakuvausmenetelmän käyttömahdollisuudet soiden kartoituksessa - esimerkkejä Viron soilta.
English title: Potential of kite aerial photography for peatland investigations with examples from Estonia.
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Kite aerial photography (KAP) involves the use of large kites to lift camera rigs 50–150 m above the ground. Various types of radio-controlled, single- and dual-camera systems may be employed to acquire images in visible and near-infrared portions of the spectrum. KAP has many advantages for peatland research, including: high portability, rapid setup and operation, small crew, range of suitable weather and site conditions, high-resolution images, and low cost of equipment and operation. On this basis, KAP could be utilized for multitemporal imagery throughout the growing season and from year to year to document study sites. Kite aerial photography at Endla Nature Reserve in Estonia demonstrates the potential of this method for acquiring useful images in vertical and oblique orientations. Sun glint in oblique views (toward the sun) can highlight the presence of water bodies regardless of water depth or turbidity. Color-infrared KAP would be especially useful for separating different types of vegetation cover and water bodies in peat bogs. Kite aerial photography could represent one level of observation in a multistage and multitemporal approach that involves ground study, conventional aerial photographs, and satellite imagery.
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Aber,
Earth Science, Emporia State University, Emporia, Kansas, 66801 U.S.A.
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Aber, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kunnostusojituksen vaikutus rämemänniköiden kehitykseen.
English title: Effects of maintaining ditch networks on the development of Scots pine stands.
Avainsanat:
forest drainage;
peatland;
ditch cleaning;
complementary ditching;
tree stand;
Pinus sylvestris L.;
volume growth
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This study aimed at finding out the effects of maintaining ditch systems by ditch cleaning and complementary ditching on volume growth of drained Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stands. Volume growth during the first ten post-treatment years was increased by 0.16 m3 ha-1 a-1 after ditch cleaning, 0.36 m3 ha-1 a-1 after complementary ditching, and 0.48 m3 ha-1 a-1 after the combined treatment. The average growth reactions during the second five-year period were considerably higher than during the first one. No drastic reductions in stand growth, however, occurred in the untreated plots during the post-treatment period of ten years.
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Lauhanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kaironiementie 54, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ahti, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kunnostusojituksen pitkän ajan vaikutus valumaveden ominaisuuksiin.
English title: Long-term effects of maintaining ditch networks on runoff water quality.
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The effects of ditch network maintenance on runoff water quality was studied at 23 sites in different parts of Finland. The study included a calibration period of 1–3 years before maintaining the ditches and six years after. No observations were made during winter. After ditch maintenance, which involves either cleaning of old ditches and/or digging of complementary new ditches, the concentrations of suspended solids in runoff water increased immediately. At sites where the ditches cut into fine-textured subsoil, runoff continued to have increased suspended solids concentrations throughout the whole six-year period. However, if the bottom of the ditches consisted of coarse mineral subsoil or peat, the annual mean concentration of suspended solids returned to pre-treatment levels in 5–6 years. Concentrations of mineral nitrogen, especially NH4-N, increased while the concentration of organic nitrogen decreased after ditch network maintenance. These changes persisted for the whole six-year period. The overall effect of these changes resulted in a slight lowering of total dissolved nitrogen concentrations. With the exception of a few sites, runoff water pH increased after ditch maintenance and remained high during the 6-year period. Concentrations of DOC decreased at all sites after ditch maintenance and was still at a low level after six years. Concentrations of base cations (Ca, Mg, K, Na) increased significantly after ditch maintenance and were still high after six years. High concentrations of Al and Fe immediately after the digging operations were observed in a few sites. Concentration of total dissolved P did not change much and tended to decrease rather than increase.
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Joensuu,
Forestry Development Centre Tapio, Soidinkuja 4, FIN-00700 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ahti, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vuollekoski, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Vanhoilta metsäojitusalueilta valuvan veden ominaisuudet.
English title: Discharge water quality from old ditch networks in Finnish peatland forests.
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Runoff water from 75 Finnish ditch networks was sampled for chemical analysis in 1990-1992. In total, 2815 samples were analyzed. Higher mean and median concentrations of total dissolved phosphorus were observed than reported earlier. Except for phosphorus, concentration of most elements increased with increasing site fertility. No clear relationship between phosphorus concentration and the site characteristics could be detected. The median concentration of suspended solids in runoff water from old ditch networks was as low as 2.4 mg l-1.
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Joensuu,
Forestry Development Centre Tapio, Soidinkuja 4, FIN-00700 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ahti, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vuollekoski, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
A model of organic matter accumulation in a developing fen/raised bog complex.
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A mechanistic simulation model of organic matter accumulation for a developing fen/ raised bog complex in Ireland is presented.Parameter/variable values have been prima rily drawn from the published literature.The development of the theoretical considera tions of fen peat as a substratum to a raised bog is evaluated using the model.Terrestri alization is the pathway of hydroseral succession.The conceptual model treats peat growth as the accumulation of a series of parcels comprising both a labile and a non- labile component.The fen phase of the model uses a discrete description of organic matter accumulation while the raised bog phase uses a continuous description.Both phases use a constant decay rate.The model integrates changes in net primary produc tivity and aerobic decay to simulate four climatic periods.The model generates outputs for peat depth and mass with time and profiles of bulk density with depth.Results over a simulated period of 10 000 years demonstrate how changes in surface net primary productivity and aerobic decay can change the rate of peat accumulation in the develop ing fen/raised bog complex.Sensitivity analysis showed that the most important pa rameters influencing simulated depth and mass were the labile fraction in organic mat ter (raised bog)followed by net primary productivity (raised bog).The potential sig nificance of underlying fen peat as a proportion of the total depth and mass of a devel oping fen/raised bog complex was evaluated and shown to be substantially diminished after 5 000 years.It was established that the model predictions corresponded well with data for Irish Midland bogs and given suitable adjustment of values, could potentially simulate Fennoscandian conditions as well.
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Gilmer,
Department of Agricultural & Food Engineering (Peat Technology Centre), University College Dublin, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin 2, Ireland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Holden, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ward, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Brereton, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Farrell, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
The effect of thinning and ditch network maintenance on the water table level in a Scots pine stand on peat soil.
Avainsanat:
forest drainage;
peatland;
hydrology;
ditch cleaning;
complementary ditching;
tree harvesting
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The effect of tree stand thinning and ditch network maintenance on the water table level was studied in an uneven-aged Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand growing on a drained dwarf shrub pine bog in southern Finland. The water table level was monitored once a week during the growing seasons (May–September) of 1991–1999. This time span is divided into the following treatment periods: calibration (1991–1992), thinning (1993–1994), ditch cleaning (1995), and proper ditch network maintenance (1996–1999). The growing season of 1995 was not included in the calculations because the ditch cleaning treatment failed. The layout included three thinning intensities (9.5, 15.0, and 28.1% removal of the initial stand volume) and an unthinned control. For the ditch maintenance treatment there was an additional control sample plot. The effect of the treatments on the water table level was evaluated both by a graphical approach and linear regression analysis. Only a slight, ecologically insignificant rise in the water table level was caused by the thinning cuttings. Ditch maintenance seemed to eliminate this change. It was concluded that in the planning stage, a careful evaluation of the real need of maintaining the ditch network (ditch cleaning or complementary ditching) should be done in connection with the first commercial thinning in order to avoid unnecessary costs.
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Päivänen,
Department of Forest Ecology, Box 24, FIN-00014 Helsinki University, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sarkkola, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Effect of peat harvesting on peat hydraulic properties and runoff generation.
Avainsanat:
peatlands;
Drainage;
runoff generation;
hydrological pathways;
hydraulic conductivity;
shear strength;
soil loss;
subsidence;
peak runoff
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Peat hydraulic conductivity, shear strength, plant composition and runoff at seven peat harvesting sites in Central Finland were measured. A large variation in hydraulic conductivity (10–8–10–6 m s–1 ), peat shear strength (302–413 kPa), and peak runoff (97–898 l s–1 km–2 ) was observed between different harvesting sites. The hydraulic conductivity showed a clear correlation with peat shear strength (r = –0.89), which has not been previously observed. The correlation between hydraulic conductivity and degree of humification was weak (r = 0.60). Soil lowering decreased the hydraulic conductivity and the peat shear strength. These reductions, with reduced drainage depths, increased peak flow and changed runoff generation patterns by increasing the possibility of Horton and saturation excess overland flow.
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Kløve,
Jordforsk, Norwegian Centre for Soil and Environmental Research, 1432 Ås, Norway
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Quantitative simulation of biochemical processes in peatlands as a tool to define sustainable use.
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A natural property of mires is their ability to accumulate carbon and nutrients in the form of peat.Drainage and agricultural land use have changed the nutrient balance from accumulation to mobilisation.In this study, the effect of land use and hydrology on nitrogen dynamics is quantified using a GIS-based dynamic modelling approach.In the simulation, the nitrogen budget is controlled by drainage depth, land use type and fertilizer application.Denitrification is, next to harvest, the quantitatively most impor tant output pathway from peat soils with a predominant vertical water flow.Only for the wet Caricion elatae type was a net nitrogen accumulation simulated.The spatial visualisation of the nitrogen balance shows a high variability based on the heterogene ity of the peatland.Rewetting and extensivication can reduce the deficit in the nitrogen balance and lead to a slight increase of the accumulating area.These simulation results can be used in environmental planning to define a more sustainable land use in the future.
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Trepel,
Royal Danish School of Pharmacy, Section of Environmental Chemistry, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Davidsson, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Jørgensen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kasvillisuuden sukkessio ja monimuotoisuus Teuravuoman koeojitusalueella Pohjois-Suomessa.
English title: Vegetation succession and diversity on Teuravuoma experimental drainage area in northern Finland.
Avainsanat:
fen;
aapa mire;
compositional gradients;
FUPGMA classification;
GNMDS ordination;
peatland vegetation
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This case study deals with the effects of forest drainage on six mire site types represented by 33 permanent sample plots within a Finnish aapa mire complex located in north boreal vegetation zone. We analysed the main compositional gradients, the abundances of plant species and the diversity of vegetation. The vegetation descriptions were made about at the time of drainage in 1933 and after that in 1943, 1950 and 1994. The forest drainage emphasized the importance of spruce mire and hummock-level bog influences (mire margin and mire expanse effects respectively) in controlling the structure of plant communities. The change of plant community was greatest on fertile mire site types, also spruce mire influence promoted the secondary succession. As expected, the shallow-rooted and/or demanding flark-level vascular plants and (eutrophic) fen mosses had not been able to adapt to the ground water level drawdown. At first, after drainage, species number, Shannon's H' and Simpson's D increased: many mire species of hummock and intermediate level microsites had increased while also pioneer and forest species had colonized the plots. By 1994, however, as the mire species were decreasing these measures had turned to decline except on the (most) infertile site types. Pielou's J' and the evenness based on D reacted vaguely, decreasing a little, though, from 1933 to 1994. Thus, in such cases the dominance in the vegetation had increased. The beta-diversity describing here the differences between plant communities (or site types) decreased along with the hydrological conditions becoming more uniform after drainage.
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Hotanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Station, P.O.Box 68, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Nousiainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Paalamo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Katsaus viimeaikaisiin tutkimuksiin mustakuusen (Picea mariana) kasvatuksesta Pohjois-Ontarion turvemailla.
English title: Recent studies on black spruce management on peatlands in northern Ontario. A literature review.
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Black spruce (Picea mariana, (Mill.) B.S.P.) has been traditionally managed as evenaged stands with artificial or natural regeneration on peatlands of northern Ontario Clay Belt region. However, lack of resources to make artificial regeneration on all clear-cuts and harvest methods unfavorable for natural regeneration often resulted in unsatisfactory regeneration. As a consequence, alternative management methods have been introduced for peatland black spruce, and this literature review discusses studies of these methods. In natural stands, both evenaged and uneven-aged structures may be found, while the second-growth stands originating from old horse-logging are mostly uneven-aged, with abundant advance growth. Currently, mechanized harvest with regeneration protection has been shown to sufficiently preserve residual trees and subsequently produce stands that are heterogeneous with respect to the size structure. In second-growth stands, uneven-aged management can be implemented with minimum diameter limits determined from stand structure and cut-to-length harvesting. Such management perpetuates a stand structure appropriate for uneven-aged management. Simulation study has been made to estimate black spruce yield under uneven-aged management with varying cutting cycle and minimum diameter limit. It seems that in some peatland sites uneven-aged management is a possibility to manage black spruce.
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Hökkä,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Rovaniemi Research station, P.O. Box 16, FIN-96301 Rovaniemi, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Groot, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Apatiitti- ja flogopiittilannoituksen vaikutus männyn neulasten ravinnepitoisuuksiin ojitetuilla rämeillä.
English title: Effect of apatite and phlogopite application on the needle nutrient concentrations of Pinus sylvestris (L.) on drained pine mires.
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Pine nutrition was monitored after the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilisers of different solubility in 12 experiments on drained mires in northern Central Finland. Ten experiments involved the following three treatments: (i) control, (ii) fertilisation with rock phosphate and potassium chloride, and (iii) fertilisation with apatite ore or enriched apatite and phlogopite. Two experiments focused on the fertiliser amount. In seven experiments needle samples were collected three times: 3-7, 11-14 and 16-19 years after fertilisation and in the others once or twice (after 10-17 years). The stands suffered from phosphorus and potassium shortage on the unfertilised plots. Rock phosphate had raised the needle phosphorus concentrations slightly more than apatite by 5-7 and 11-14 years after fertilisation. By the last sampling apatite (16-19 years after) had raised the concentrations to about the same or to a higher level than rock phosphate. Potassium chloride raised the concentrations more than phlogopite during the first few years after fertilisation but the situation had reversed by 11-14 years. Five years later the change was even more pronounced. The needle potassium concentrations increased slightly with the increasing application amounts on the nitrogen-rich sites. Fertilisation with PK lowered the needle zinc, manganese, copper and boron concentrations especially on the nitrogen-rich sites.
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Kaunisto,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, Kaironiementie 54, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Metsätalouden vesistöhaittojen torjuminen ojitetuista soista muodostettujen puskurivyöhykkeiden avulla.
English title: Prevention of detrimental impacts of forestry operations on water bodies using buffer zones created from drained peatlands.
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Before large-scale drainage, the outflowing water from forests was naturally filtered through peatlands. The even topography, dense moss cover and the favourable physical, chemical and biological properties of surface peat facilitate versatile buffering functions in these systems. In addition to retaining suspended solids, peatlands may act as traps for nutrients or harmful metals.
Major part of these buffering systems have been lost as a result of forestry drainage. Restoring drained peatlands, being potentially well suited to act as a buffer zone between forestry land and a watercourse, is the major reason for rewetting outside nature reserves. Potentially each drainage area should include a restored part through which waters both from the drainage area itself and from the surrounding upland forest catchment would be filtered.
Preliminary results from three experimental catchments show that buffer zones restored from drained peatlands may be succesfully used in decreasing the detrimental impacts forestry operations may have on adjacent water courses. Long-term monitoring is, however, required for the quantitative assessment of the buffer efficiency.
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Sallantaus,
Pirkanmaa Regional Environment Centre, P.O.Box 297, FIN-33101 Tampere, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vasander, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Laine, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ojien mitoitus kunnostusojituksessa. Kirjallisuustarkastelu.
English title: Ditch dimensioning in ditch-network-maintenance areas. A literature review.
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Drainage of pristine mires has been discontinued in Finland and now drainage activity focuses on remedial treatment of old ditch networks on transformed drained mires. In the era of first-time drainage, uniform regulations were applied in the dimensioning of ditches. Also the current national recommendations pertaining to remedial drainage and the dimensioning of ditches corresponds to the old regulations applied in first-time drainage. However, regional organizations have their own directives, and accordingly ditch depths show considerable regional variation. The purpose of this paper is to look for answers to questions which have arisen already some years ago, especially among practitioners responsible for forest-improvement works in non-industrial, private woodlots: Can the service life of ditch networks be increased by means of ditches which are deeper than those implemented at the time of first-time drainage and will this also result in a reduced impact on water ecosystems by reducing the number of remedial actions needed ? Is ditch depth in old, well-stocked drainage areas a more important factor than ditch spacing in controlling the drainage depth?
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Saarinen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, Kaironiementie 54, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silver, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Joensuu, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Wallonian suot (Etelä-Belgia).
English title: Peatlands of Wallony (S-Belgium).
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Various types of peatlands are present in Wallony: raised bogs, oligotrophic and rich fens, wet heaths, marshy woodlands. Many areas have been degraded by past and recent human activities. Much attention is now devoted to their protection, scientific study and ecological management. Besides their exceptional biological and ecological interest, they are among the last natural spaces in a very urbanised country like Belgium.
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Frankard,
Centre scientifique de la Région Wallonne, c/o Station scientifique des Hautes-Fagnes, rue de Botrange, 137, B-4950 Robertville, Belgium
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ghiette, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hindryckx, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Schumacker, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Wastiaux, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lannoituksen vaikutus hieskoivikoiden kasvuun ja ravinnetilaan ojitetuilla turvemailla Pohjois-Suomessa.
English title: Effect of fertilization on growth and foliar nutrient status of pubescent birch stands on drained mires in northern Finland.
Avainsanat:
nitrogen;
phosphorus;
potassium;
peatland;
Foliar nutrients;
Betula pubescens;
growth responses
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The effects of fertilization and refertilization on the growth of pubescent birch (Betula pubescens) stands growing on drained peatlands in northern Finland were studied in eight field experiments. The treatments were: (i) control with no fertilization, (ii) fertilization with nitrogen (N), (iii) fertilization with phosphorus and potassium (PK), and (iv) fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK). The sites represented four different mesotrophic to eutrophic site types with stand median heights ranging from 7 m to 13 m. Tree growth was monitored at stand level during periods of five to eleven years following the setting up of the experiments and during periods of 4 to 7 years following the repetition of the treatments in 1985. At the end of the second period, sun-exposed leaves were sampled from two stands in August 1990 for the purpose of conducting foliar nutrient analyses. The first-time fertilization treatments did not affect tree growth on any of the site types. Following the repetition of the treatments, the stands responded positively to NPK or PK fertilization on all site types except on the shallow-peated herb-rich peatland forest. There was no response to mere N-fertilization on any of the site types. The growth responses observed were weaker than those reported for Scots pine in similar climatic conditions.
Key words: Betula pubescens, foliar nutrients, growth responses, nitrogen, peatland, phosphorus, potassium
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Penttilä,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Rovaniemi Research Station, P.O.Box 16, FIN-96301 Rovaniemi, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Moilanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Hidasliukoisten fosforilannoitteiden ominaisuudet ja käyttökelpoisuus suometsien lannoituksessa. Kirjallisuuteen perustuva tarkastelu.
English title: Properties of slow release phosphorus fertilizers with special reference to their use on drained peatland forests. A review.
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Slow-release phosphorus fertilizers have long been considered as a primary fertilization option on drained peatland forests in Finland. There has also been growing interest in using slow-release P-fertilizers as a better alternative to water-soluble fertilizers on agricultural land. Manufacture of different P-fertilizers, and those fertilizer and site properties which affect the rate of P release, are reviewed. The effects of slow-release P-fertilizers on plant growth and the liability to be leached into waterways are also discussed. In particular, the behaviour of slow-release P-fertilizers on drained peatland forests is considered.
Key words: fertilizer dissolution, fertilizer leaching, phosphate minerals, peatland forestry
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Nieminen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Centre, P. O. Box 18, FIN-01301, Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kasvupaikkatekijöiden vaikutus vanhojen ojitusalueiden taimettumiseen Kirjallisuuteen perustuva tarkastelu.
English title: Effect of site factors on restocking of old drainage areas. A literature review.
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The rate of renewal of forests on drained peatlands in Finland will undergo a rapid rise in the near future as a large amount of these forests is approaching their renewal age. Indeed, forest renewal increasingly calls for familiarity with the special characteristics of peatland habitats. These special characteristics making them different from upland sites are primarily connected to hydrology, temperature conditions, nutrient status, and to changes in the composition of the ground vegetation. This literature review is focused on the effects of these site factors on the germination of tree seeds and the initial development of seedlings on different seedbeds.
Key words: drainage areas, natural regeneration, peatlands
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Saarinen,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, Kaironiementie 54, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suometsien rakenne-erot keskisessä Suomessa.
English title: The structure of virgin and managed peatland forest stands in central Finland.
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The structure of peatland forests were compared between different site quality classes, drainage phases, and different forest ownership groups. The comparisons and statistical tests were made in terms of the number of tree species, range of diameter distribution and the estimated number of tree storeys, separately for spruce- and pine-dominated mires. The statistical tests were performed with multivariate analysis of variance and covariance. Tree storeys were estimated with objective rules from the peaks of continuous diameter distribution smoothed by the non-parametric kernel-estimation. The data used from the 8th National Forest Inventory of Finland.
On average the mean values of the chosen stand structure characteristics differed significantly between the site quality classes. The stands had a more diverse structure the more fertile the site was. When examining the differences between the post-drainage succession phases, a decrease of the stand structure diversity was observed in the recently drained peatlands. After this, the mean values of the stand structure characteristics increased and exceeded the values of undrained peatlands at latest in the transformed post-drainage succession stage.
Statistically significant differences in the means of stand structure characteristics between the forest ownership groups were not observed. It seems that drainage and possible cleaning cuttings have been made with the same intensity regardless of the particular forest ownership group. It is also possible that drainage causes so drastic change in growing conditions that small differences in the intensity of cleaning cuttings between forest ownership groups are disappeared.
The results correspond to the results of previous studies which have examined different stand structure characteristics. The forest on drained peatlands maintains an uneven-sized structure for quite a long period after drainage. In order to preserve habitat diversity this structure of the peatland forests should be maintained in subsequent forest management practices.
Key words: drainage, habitat diversity, peatland forest management, structure of forest stand.
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Uuttera,
The European Forest Institute, Torikatu 34, FIN-80100 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Maltamo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Hotanen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Neulasten pääravinnepitoisuuksien muutokset turvekankaan alikasvoskuusikossa ylispuuhakkuun jälkeen.
English title: Effects of the removal of shelterwood on the foliar nutrient concentrations of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) on drained peatlands.
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Abstract: The foliar chemical composition of a Norway spruce underwood were analysed one year before and in three years after the removal of a downy birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.) shelterwood on an old drainage area. The most remarkable change due to the release was considered to be the significant decrease in the potassium concentrations. The nitrogen concentrations increased very strongly, and phosphorus increased slightly but not significantly during the first growth period after the release, decreasing later to a level approaching the deficiency limit. Consequently the nutrient balance between N and K was strongly shaken by the increased N/K-ratio. One reason for that might be the increased use of K in the growing points of roots after the root competition of shelterwood was eliminated.
Key words: foliar analysis, nutrients, peatlands, Picea abies, shelterwood, underwood.
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Saarinen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, Kaironiementie 54, FIN-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Vedenpinnan alenemisen vaikutus sararämeen pintakasvillisuuden biomassaan ja lajistoon.
English title: Changes in understorey biomass and species composition after water level drawdown on pine mires in southern Finland.
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Abstract: Understorey biomass and species composition were analyzed on six sites representing tall sedge pine fen at different stages of secondary succession caused by drainage for forestry. Two of the sites were undrained controls and the other sites had been drained 8 - 55 years earlier. Cyperaceous and herbaceous field layer was found to diminish permanently after drainage, whereas shrub and moss layers survived in the drainage succession in terms of biomass allocation although the species composition changed almost completely. On the oldest drained site the ground vegetation was dominated by typical upland forest species with the exception of Sphagnum russowii. Total understorey biomass varied from 260 g m-2 on sites drained 22-30 years earlier to 990 g m-2 on a site drained 8 years earlier.
Key words: drainage, field layer, ground vegetation, moss layer, peatland, succession
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Laiho,
Department of Forest Ecology, P.O.Box 24, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Boreaalisen reunavaikutteisen suokasvillisuuden monimuotoisuuden analyysia.
English title: Patterns of diversity in boreal mire margin vegetation.
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Mire margin communities are mosaics of forest and mire vegetation which consist of several ecological guilds (forest, spruce mire, marsh and spring vegetation). Diversity patterns of undrained forested mire margin communities were examined by using numerical classification (TWINSPAN) and ordination (DCA) techniques. The understorey vegetation was tested for both alfa (species richness, Shannon H' and Pielou J diversity indices) and beta diversity (DCA dimensions). The structural diversity of the overstorey was examined by producing structural (TWINSPAN) clusters based on the percentage cover of tree and shrub species in six canopy layers and in one shrub layer. The study was based on the systematic sample plot data collected from permanent plots of the 8th Finnish National Forest Inventory (1985-86). The material consisted of 92 plots of undrained forested mire margin sites in south and central Finland (60o-66o). The alfa diversities between the seven site clusters differed more clearly than those between the site types. A considerable variety of species of different ecological guilds were found that represented the ecological sources of high beta diversity. Structural diversity varied between clusters formed from overstorey data.
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Korpela,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Vantaa Research Center, P.O.Box 18, FIN-01301 Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Reinikainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kasvillisuus ja C02-tase käytöstä vapautuneella turvetuotantoalueella Kihniön Aitonevalla.
English title: Vegetation and CO2 balance in an abandoned harvested peatland in Aitoneva, southern Finland.
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The vegetation and CO2 balance (difference between C02 fixation rate and respiration rate) in an abandoned harvested peatland in Aitoneva, Kihnio (62° 12'N, 23° 18'E) were studied during the summer of 1994. The daytime CO2 fluxes from sample plots representing different kinds of vegetation were measured using two different static chamber techniques. To investigate the compositional variation of vegetation and its relationship with CO2 balance, data on the vegetation of the sample plots was analysed by global non-metric multidimensional scaling (GNMDS). A total number of 20 plant species was observed on the sample plots. The dominant plant species was Eriophorum vaginatum L. The main variation in GNMDS were connected with colonization stage (total cover of vegetation). The C02 fixation rate varied between -56 and 1869 mg m-2 h-1 and the respiration rate varied between 34 and 1168 mg CO2 m-2 h-1. The CO2 fixation and respiration rate increased with increasing total vegetation cover. The highest respiration and the highest CO2 fixation rates were found in sample plots dominated by mature Eriophorum vaginatum tussocks. Those sample plots were the only ones having positive CO2 balance. Regression analysis indicated that the respiration rate depended on soil temperature. Variation in the water table had no influence on the respiration or the C02 fixation rate.
Key words: CO2 balance, Eriophorum vaginatum, GNMDS, harvested peatland, plant colonization
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Tuittila,
Department of Forest Ecology, P.O. Box 24, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Komulainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Hakkuiden tarve ja toteutuminen yksityismetsien kunnostusojitusalueilla Satakunnassa.
English title: The need for and realization of cuttings in connection with ditch network maintenance in private forests in Satakunta, southwest Finland.
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Today the emphasis in forest drainage in Finland is on the maintenance of old ditch networks. In connection with these maintaining activities all silvicultural cuttings should also be carried out, because on most old drained peatlands, thinnings are often badly neglected. The aim of this investigation was to determine the need and present extent of silvicultural cuttings in the area of the Satakunta forestry board, in southwest Finland. The main results were that only half the necessary cuttings had been carried out in connection with ditch maintenance.
Keywords: Peatlands, cuttings, ditch cleaning
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Silver,
Satakunta District Forestry Board, Itsenäisyydenkatu 35 A, FIN-28100 Pori, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Saarinen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lannoitemaaran vaikutus lyhytkiertoviljelmien ravinnetilaan ja biomassatuotokseen suonpohjilla.
English title: Effect of fertilizer application rate on nutrient status and biomass production in short-rotation plantations of willows on cutaway peatland areas.
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The effects of N, P and K fertilizer application rates on the biomass production, soil properties and foliar nutrient status were studied in willow plantations (Salix x dasyclados, Salix 'Aquatica') established on cut-away peatland areas at Haapavesi (64 06'N, 25 36'E and Ruukki (64'27'N, 25 26'E). When the amount of one of the nutrients in NPK-fertilization was changed (N 0-200 kg/ha, P 0-60 kg/ha, K 0-80 kg/ha) the others remained unchanged (N 100, P 30, K 40 kg/ha). Three field experiments were made. Increasing phosphorus and potassium application rates increased the concentrations of corresponding soil extractable nutrients. There was a positive correlation between the fertilizer application rate and the concentrations of foliar nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. During the first growing season, the effect of nitrogen fertilization on biomass production was modest, but during the second growing season the yield of willows increased the most when fertilized with 100-150 kg N/ha. Although phosphorus fertilization increased yields, already the smallest amounts (15 kg/ha) resulted in biomass yields as high when applying the largest phosphorus fertilizer amounts (60 kg/ha). Potassium fertilization did not increase biomass production in any of the experiments. The highest total biomass yields after three growing seasons were 28-30 t/ha. Their compositions were as follows: 44% wood, 18% bark, 17% foliage, 16% roots, and 5% stumpwood.
Key words: biomass production, cut-away peatland, fertilization, energy forestry, Salix
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Hytönen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Kannus Research Station, Box 44, FIN-69J 01 Kannus, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kohosoiden luonnontilaan palauttaminen turpeen noston jälkeen Luoteis-Saksassa.
English title: Raised bog regeneration after peat harvesting in North-West Germany.
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An increasing awareness of the environment and the wide extension of mined peatlands require actions and measurements in order to ensure their regeneration and protection. A brief description of the most important peat harvesting methods in North-West Germany shows the stratigraphy of peatlands after exploitation has been finished and ecotechnological actions have been started to initiate a raised bog regeneration. The actions and measurements applied depend also on the properties of the peat as on the properties of the top spit layer. The requirements for a successful rewetting of peatlands will be shown. The terminology concerning the subject of raised bog regeneration will be explained.
Keywords: nature protection, peatlands, rehabilitation, top spit
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Roderfeld,
Institute of Soil Technology Bremen, Geological Survey of Lower-Saxony, Friedrich-Mifller-Str. 46/50, D-2800 Bremen, Germany
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kasvillisuuden muutokset rämeillä ojituksen ja lannoituksen jalkeen.
English title: Vegetation changes after drainage and fertilization in pine mires.
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The effects of drainage and fertilization (both slowly and readily soluble fertilizers were included) on the above-ground biomass and cover of understorey vegetation were studied in two mires situated at Lammi, southern Finland, and at Ilomantsi, northern Karelia. Urea and especially micronutrients decreased the cover of Sphagnum species. Slowly soluble nitrogen also decreased the cover of Sphagnum, but not as efficiently. In fen site types the cover and biomass of Vaccinium oxycoccos and Andromeda polifolia increased strongly after fertilization. The greatest change in vegetation was caused by micronutrients given together with macronutrients. The cover and biomass of Eriophorum vaginatum and Rubus chamaemorus increased on all the fertilization plots probably because phosphorus was included in all the treatments. Calluna vulgaris and Empetrum nigrum benefited from the NPK fertilization on hummock sites.
Keywords: Apatite, biodiversity, biomass, biotite, peatland forestry, urea
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Vasander,
Department of Forest Ecology, P.O. Box 24 (Unioninkatu 40 B), FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kuusipalo, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Lindholm, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Micrometeorological measurements of methane and energy fluxes in a Minnesota peatland.
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The micrometeorological eddy correlation technique was used to measure fluxes of methane and energy. Results from these measurements made in a Minnesota peatland are reviewed here. The field observations made in a pilot study (1990) demonstrated the utility of the eddy correlation technique for measuring surface fluxes of methane. Seasonal distribution of methane flux at the same site was obtained in a detailed study (May to October) in 1991. The evapotranspiration rates and other components of the surface energy budget were also quantified. The daily evapotranspiration during the measurement period (mid May to mid October) ranged from 0.9 to 6.0 mm day-1, with a seasonal average of 3.6mm day-1.
Keywords: Eddy correlation technique, methane flux, peatlands
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Verma,
Dept. of Agric. Meteorology, University of Nebraska, P.O. Box 830728, Lincoln, NE-68583-0728, U.S.A.
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ullman, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Shurpali, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Clement, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kim, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Billesbach, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
High resolution 14C dating of surface peat using the AMS technique.
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In an AMS (accelerator mass spectrometric) determination of 14C from moss-increment dated samples from a Sphagnum fuscum hummock, a clear peak representing the time of high 14C activity in the atmosphere due to nuclear bomb tests was found. The 14C activities in the peat profile at deeper levels, corresponding to the period down to 1600 BP, showed similar variations as the atmospheric values. The time-scale obtained from radiocarbon dating fitted well with results from moss-increment counting, pollen analysis and dendrochronological dating of a fire horizon. Using the bomb activity peak, the fraction of carbon emanating from deeper layers and refixed into growing peat was estimated. The fraction of soil carbon dioxide taken up by the contemporary Sphagnum sward was thus found to be in the order of 20%.
Keywords: Moss increment dating, peatlands, radiocarbon, Sphagnum
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Tolonen,
Dept. of Biology, Univ. Joensuu, P.O. Box III, FIN-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Possnert, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Jungner, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sonninen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Alm, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Depth distribution of methane production and oxidation in a Sphagnum peat bog.
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The anaerobic production and potential aerobic oxidation of methane were assessed in a Sphagnum-dominated peatland in Sweden. Peat from four depths in the 0-40 cm (below the vegetation surface) layer was collected in three different plant communities. The rate measurements were made with peat slurries in flasks. The ratio between the mean production and mean oxidation activities was more than ten-fold higher in the two wetter than in the driest community. The within profiles depth distributions of methanogenic and methane-oxidizing activity were similar, showing that a particular level may act as a net source or a net sink for methane, depending on prevailing environmental conditions (primarily the oxygen distribution). The results also suggest that methane production and consumption processes can occur in anaerobic and aerobic micro-zones in very close proximity to each other.
Key words: Carbon flow, methane oxidation, methane production, peatlands
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Sundh,
Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Nilsson, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Svensson, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
A mobile automatic gas chromatograph system to measure C02, CH4 and N2O fluxes from soil in the field.
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A caravan has been converted into a mobile laboratory for measuring fluxes of C02, CH4 and N2O from the soil in the field. The caravan is equipped with a gas chromatograph fitted with TC-, FI- and EC-detectors, and a PC controlled data logger. The gas collecting chambers can be used up to 50 m from the caravan. The closing and opening of the chambers, as well as the flows of sample gases from chambers to the gas chromatograph, is pneumatically regulated. Simultaneous recordings of temperature, light intensity and the depth of water table are made. The system has been used for two months in 1992, and some preliminary results are presented.
Keywords: Automated measuring, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, peatland
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Silvola,
Department of Biology, University of Joensuu, P.O. Box III, FIN-80I0I Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Martikainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Nykänen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Changes in the carbon balance of forested mires in Karelia due to drainage.
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The carbon balance of undrained and drained parts of a herb-rich pine fen mire ecosystem were calculated. The drainage had been carried out twenty years earlier. Drainage resulted in an increase of 1.23 t C ha-1 a-1 within the ecosystem. The increase was due to increased stand production, which exceeded a loss of carbon from the peat (-0.32 t ha-1 a-1).
Keywords: Peat, peatland forestry, phytomass, Russia
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Sakovets,
Karelian Science Centre, Forest Institute, Pushkinskaja II, 185610 Petrozavodsk, Russia
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Germanova, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Use of 14C labelling to measure below-ground biomass of mire plants.
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Below-ground biomass of dominating vascular plants on a mesotrophic fen and Sphagnum fuscum pine bog was estimated using 14C labelling techniques. Preliminary results show that up to 90% of living biomass of Carex rostrata growing on the fen may be located below ground. Fine roots form the majority of below-ground biomass.
Keywords: Peatlands, production, root biomass
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Saarinen,
Department of Botany, Laboratories of Ecology, P.O. Box 4, FIN-00014University of Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tolonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vasander, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
The origin, development, present status and importance of the lowland peat swamp forests of Borneo.
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The peatlands of Borneo have been classified into coastal, basin/valley and high peats. Their formation is related to past and present climatic conditions, land erosion, sediment transport and deposition, pedogenesis, fluctuations in sea level and coastal building/uplift processes. The age of tropical peat varies from around 800 years to in excess of 10 000 years. The natural vegetation of tropical peatlands is forest within which most of the tree families of lowland dipterocarp rain forest have been recorded although the canopy is lower and more open. Tropical peatlands perform important ecological, economic and environmental functions.
Keywords: Deferrification, peatland, tropical podzols
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Rieley,
Department of Life Science, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sieffermann, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Page, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
A method to estimate the effect of forest drainage on the carbon store of a mire.
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Mires are sinks for carbon. Drainage enhances the aerobic microbial decomposition of the surface peat, which may transform mires into net sources of carbon to the atmosphere. However, the increase in the growth of the tree stand and consequent fixation of carbon after drainage may be expected to have a compensating effect. The effects of drainage on the carbon stores of a mire are not easy to establish. This paper discusses a method that can be used to assess the changes in cases where part of the mire has been left in the virgin condition. The method is based on bulk density and carbon content profiles measured along a transect running from the undrained part to the drained part of the mire. The carbon store of the peat in each case is calculated for the peat depth in which drainage is considered to have caused changes. The subsidence at each measuring point on the drained side is subtracted from the original peat depth before carbon store calculations.
Keywords: Boreal zone, carbon stores, peatland forestry
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Laine,
Department of Forest Ecology, P.O. Box 24, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vasander, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Puhalainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Leaching of organic carbon and nitrogen from peatland-dominated catchments.
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The area of 13 study catchments is 2.5-56.3 km2 and 37-87% of the catchments is covered by peatlands. Ditching intensities varied from 0 to 100%. Median total organic carbon (TOC) in runoff waters from the catchments was 10-30 mg l-1 and median total nitrogen (Ntot) 380-1 000 µg l-1. The annual leaching of TOC and N tot was calculated for five catchments for which daily runoff data was available. The range for mean annual leaching of TOC and Ntot from the catchments was 4 700 to 7 300 kg km-2 a-1 and 190-250 kg km-2 a-1, respectively. The variation between different years was high and annual leaching was closely related to annual runoff. The regional variation in the leaching of TOC and N tot was small compared to the annual variation.
Keywords: Hydrology, leaching, organic carbon, peatlands, runoff
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Kortelainen,
National Board of Waters and the Environment, Water and Environment Research Institute, P.O. Box 250, FlN-00101 Helsinki, Finland S
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Saukkonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Microbiological and organic characterisation of peat.
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Activity during the first phase of this SUOSILMU subproject was mainly focused on the development of methods for the fractionation of peat into its organic components and for the determination of microbial bio-mass. It is now possible to characterise peat using some fifty organic compounds. Using these methods, the effects of drainage intensity and fertilization on the organic character of the peat have been investigated. From the preliminary results, it appears that these methods can be used to determine more exactly the effects of such amelioration practices on the decomposition of peat. During the next phase of the project (1993— 1995), the production and decomposition rates of different organic compounds will be determined in long-term incubation experiments.
Keywords: Decomposition, microbiological analysis, organic compounds, peatland
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Karsisto,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Ecology, P.O. Box 18, FIN-0I30I Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Differences in response of two Sphagnum species to elevated CO2 and nitrogen input.
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Cushions of Sphagnum fuscum and S. angustifolium were grown in the laboratory in four different C02 concentrations (350, 700, 1 000, and 2 000 ppm) and N deposition levels (0, 10, 30, and 100 kg ha-1 a-1). The same N deposition levels were also applied in the field. C02 concentration increased both the shoot density and dry mass of S. fuscum but decreased the length increment. There was no net effect on production. For S. angustifolium, shoot density did not alter with elevated C02 con-centration but the C02 induced increment in dry mass and length caused increased production. S. angustifolium suffered from nutrient deficiency on the 0 kg N ha-1a-1 treatment and S. fuscum had difficulties to survive at the heaviest N load. No clear trends in length increment or cover was noticed in the field study during the first year.
Keywords: Bryophyte ecology, climate change, peatlands, production
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Jauhiainen,
University of Joensuu, Department of Biology, P.O. Box 111, FIN-80I0I Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vasander, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silvola, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Simulation of peat accumulation: an aid in carbon cycling research.
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Some preliminary results of a technique used to compare primary production and peat accumulation data mainly from published sources and the results of a peat accumulation simulation model are presented. Emphasis is on differences among micro-sites (hummock, lawn, hollow and pool) and among various Sphagnum species (S.fuscum, S. magellanicum, S. cuspidatum and S. balticum) associated with raised bogs. The primary production of lawns and pools were significantly greater than those of hummocks and hollows. Sphagnum balticum had the highest primary production (mean = 339 g m-2 a-1). Over 90% of the primary production of Sphagnum fuscum is accumulated while for the other Sphagnum species, the value is <50%. The data are used in a simulation model to show the influence on primary production of a doubling of rainfall over a 50-year period.
Keywords: Meta-analysis, peatland, primary production, Sphagnum
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Dierendock,
Hugo de Vries Laboratory, University of Amsterdam, Kruislaan 318, J 098 SM Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Volume and mass budgets of blanket peat in the north of Scotland.
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The ground surface was 0.5 m lower under a 22-year-old lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) plantation than in the adjacent unplanted ride. The peat was much drier beneath the trees than in the ride. The depth of peat under the trees, adjusted so that each layer had the same dry bulk density as the originally equivalent depths in the ride, effectively reversing shrinkage due to drying, was 2 cm greater than our best estimate of its original depth and the depth in the ride was 8 cm greater than in 1966. The original depths, surveyed in 1966 had too large an uncertainty (± 15 cm) for the changes to be significant.
Keywords: Carbon stores, peatland forestry, Pinus contorta
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Anderson,
Forestry Authority, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9SY, UK
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pyatt, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Sayers, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Blackhall, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Robinson, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Nutrient cycling at Marcell Bog, Minnesota.
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Fourteen kg ha-1 yr-1 of N enter the mire acrotelm, and 12 are sequestered in the catotelm peat. However, 66 kg ha-1 yr-1 cycle between plant growth and decay in the acrotelm each year, primarily as ammonium and organic N. Fifty eight percent of the sulfate inputs to the mire are retained, but the export of organic sulfur (1.5 kg ha-1 yr-1) yields a total sulfur retention of 37%. As with N, recycling within the acrotelm and vegetation layer is large (12.5 kg ha-1 yr-1). The proton cycle in the mire is dominated by nutrient uptake and plant decay (about 80% of the 1 044 meq m-2 yr-1). Organic acid production is the major source of free acidity (263 meq m-2 yr-1) and buffers the water near pH 4. About half of the metals entering the mire are retained, and about 60% of the P is retained. Retention of P is particularly high (about 80%) during the spring snowmelt season. The carbon cycle at the Marcell mire consists of about 655 g C m-2 yr-1entering and leaving the acrotelm and vegetation. Eighteen to 28 g C m-2 yr-1are sequestered each year in the catotelm (true and apparent rate of accumulation). Net primary production in the moss, tree, and herbaceous layers accounts for about 385 g C m-2 yr-1, while C02 losses in soil and plant respiration account for about 589g C m-2 yr-1. Root net primary productivity (unmeasured) is estimated at 152 g C m-2 yr-1. Water export of C is 37 and methane losses are about 6 g C m-2 yr-1.
Keywords: Carbon cycling, global change, Minnesota, nutrient budgets, peatlands
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Verry,
USD A- Forest Service, North Central Forest Exp. Stn., 1831 Highway 169 East, Grand Rapids, MN, USA.
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Urban, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Models of peat growth.
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Models reflect reality but also simplify it. The modeller must choose where the balance lies between simplicity plus understanding and complexity plus realism. (1) Two pictorial and descriptive models of the surface of a peat-forming bog are given, and a third shows why the true rate of peat accumulation must diminish over time. (2) A simple quantitative model of the surface layers is described and leads to the conclusion that the surface layer is in a steady state, fixing carbon, losing some by decay, and passing some on to the underlying peat proper. A similar model for the underlying peat shows that if decay is at a rate that is a constant proportion of what remains then there is an upper asymptotic limit to the depth of peat. But if the rate of decay decreases, because the remaining material is more refractory, then peat accumulation continues indefinitely though at an ever-decreasing rate. (3) A simulation model allowing greater realism but diminished understanding is outlined. (4) Models should be aids, not objects in their own right.
Keywords: Carbon balance, modelling, peat growth, peatland
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Clymo,
School of Biological Sciences, Queen Mary and Westfield College, London El 4NS, UK
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
The paleorecord of geochemistry and hydrology in northern peatlands and its relation to global change.
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Evidence is presented to show the utility of peatland paleorecords in determining (1) variations in the time of initiation as well as the rate of accumulation of peat and biophilic elements, (2) the history of changes in surface-water acidity and water-table depth, (3) shifts in ground-water influence upon plant communities and the chemistry of the water in which they grow, and (4) alterations in the rate of deposition of diverse pollutants from the atmosphere. This evidence constitutes background information of great value for investigations of the ecological and biogeochemical consequences of global change.
Keywords: Geochemistry, global change, hydrology, paleorecord, peatlands
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Gorham,
Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, U.S.A.
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Janssens, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Japanin suot ja niiden hyväksikäyttö seka suojelu.
English title: The utilization and conservation of mires in Japan.
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Japan has approximately 200 000 ha of mires (0.5% of the total land area), and peat reserves of ca. 625 million tons. Because of the great diversity in both climatic and topographic conditions various types of mire and wetlands are found. These range from the large coastal mires in Hokkaido to the mangrove forests with surrounding limnogenic mires in subtropical regions of the Ryukyu Archipelago. The majority of Japanese mires are, however, located in regions of recent volcanic activity and on the alluvial plains of Central Honshu and northwards. Most of the lowland mires have long since been reclaimed for rice culture or have partly been buried under built-up areas. In this paper, different forms of mire utilization are outlined and 30 legally (or otherwise) protected mires in Hokkaido are briefly described.
Keywords: Hokkaido, Japan, peatlands, preservation, utilization
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Miyazawa,
University of Helsinki, Hyytiälä Forestry Field Station, SF-35500 Korkeakoski, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Karujen rämeiden kunnostusojituskelpoisuus.
English title: Evaluation of ditch network maintenance on drained poor pine mires.
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In the southern part of Finland there are over 400 000 hectares of old drainage areas which are on very poor pine mires. This paper presents their problematic site type classification, growing stock variation and some criteria to evaluate the profitability of the ditch network maintenance.
Keywords: Classification, drainage, peatlands, profitability
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Saarinen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, SF-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Silver, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Kalilannoituksen vaikutus männyn kasvuun ja ravinnetilaan.
English title: Effect of potassium fertilization on the growth and nutrition of Scots pine.
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This paper is based on four experiments established in 1960-1969. There were four sources of potassium: potassium chloride, double salt of potassium and magnesium sulphates, cement potassium and potassium sulphate. The application rates of fertilizer potassium varied from 0 to 664 kg/ha as pure element. Nitrogen and phosphorus or phosphorus alone were also given at the beginning. The experiments were inventoried in 1988. The peat potassium amounts were independent of the application rate. On the other hand, the foliar potassium concentrations were the higher the higher the application rate. Yet, the effect of currently used potassium fertilizer rate, (about 80 kg/ha of K), on the foliar potassium concentrations did not significantly differ from the effect of the double rate. Fertilization increased the basal area growth for 8-22 years, after which the growth started to decline. The reason can at least partly be attributed to the shortage of potassium. The growth response was independent of the potassium source and rate on the potassium fertilized plots.
Key words: Foliar nutrients, peatland, peat nutrients, Pinus sylvestris
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Kaunisto,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano Research Station, SF-39700 Parkano, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ojitettujen rämeiden pohjaveden laatu ja sen riippuvuus turpeen kemiallisista ominaisuuksista.
English title: Groundwater quality and its relationship to peat chemical properties on drained pine mires.
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The variation in groundwater nutrient concentrations from 29 oligotrophy pine mires were described. The relationships between groundwater chemistry and the chemical status of the surface peat layer were also investigated. The mean groundwater quality in different site type fertility groups was: pH 4.0-4.8; NH4+-N 0.45-0.80 mg l-1; P 0.06-0.15 mg l-1; K 0.27-0.54 mg l-1 ; Ca 1.40-3.78 mg l-1; Mg 0.49-1.67 mg l-1; Mn 0.01-0.12 mg I-1; Fe 0.69-3.20 mg l-1; Al 0.34-0.57 mg i-1; Zn 0.006-0.015 mg I-1; Na 0.63-1.91 mg l-1; B 0.008-0.010 mg l-1 and S 1.15-1.47 mg l-1. When ordered from the most infertile to the most fertile site types, groundwater pH and total concentrations of Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe and Na significantly (P < 0.001) increased. There was a large seasonal variation in the concentrations of S, K, Na, B and Zn, and a large within-plot variation in K, NH4+-N, P and B concentrations. The results indicated that factors other than the chemistry of peat were involved in determining the concentrations of these nutrients in the groundwater. Groundwater concentrations of Al, Fe, Ca and Mg, on the other hand, were found to be strongly correlated with the corresponding total nutrient concentrations in the surface peat layer.
Keywords: peatlands, peat nutrients, water chemistry
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Nieminen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, SF-01301 Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Pätilä, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turvetutkimus Suomen asutushistorian selvittämisessä.
English title: Settlement history of Finland traced by means of microfossil analyses of peat deposits.
Avainsanat:
peatland;
archaeometry;
charcoal particles;
loss-on-ignition;
pollen analysis;
settlement history
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Information on early settlement history in SW Finland has increased considerably as a result of archaeometrical studies including pollen analysis, charcoal analysis and loss-on-ignition analysis of peat deposits, especially of Sphagnum peat. The results together with 14C-datings, show that the introduction of agriculture took place from the S-SW in the SW archipelago as early as 3600±90 BP (before present). This, however, does not explain the early pollen and charcoal dust evidence of cultivation in the Kainuu district where corresponding darings of 3680±90 BP have recently been obtained, or in Siilinjarvi where evidence of early cultivation around 3000 BP has also been recorded.
Keywords: archaeometry, charcoal particles, loss-on-ignition, peatland, pollen analysis, settlement history
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Vuorela,
The Geological Survey of Finland, Betonimiehenkuja 4, SF-02150 Espoo, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suometsät ja niiden tutkimus Virossa ja Latviassa.
English title: Peatland forestry research in Estonia and Latvia.
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The authors visited Estonia and Latvia on 20-25.8.1990 in order to get acquainted with peatland forestry research and methods for increasing tree growth on cultivated peatlands, especially by using fertilization. The paper describes peatland forestry in general, paying special attention to the activities in the field of fertilization research on Estonian and Latvian peatlands.
Keywords: Drainage, fertilization, peatland forestry
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Kaunisto,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Parkano ResearchStation, SF-39700 Parkano, Finland.
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Ferm, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kokkonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Motor-manual treatment of young stands on peatlands.
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In connection with an Inter-Nordic research project concerning treatment of young forests, some aspects concerning peatlands were studied. A description of the difficulty of terrain and the importance of nurse crop were reviewed from the point of view of young stand treatment. A field experiment concerning the time needed to keep ditches free from slash was organized.
Keywords: Ditches, nurse crop, peatlands, terrain description, young stand treatment
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Kärenlampi,
University of Helsinki, Department of Logging and Utilization of Forest Products, Unioninkatu 40 B, SF-00170 Helsinki
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Suni, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
The Finno-Swedish mire terminology.
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The Swedish botanical mire terminology used in Finland for teaching students in biology at the University of Helsinki/Helsingfors and pupils in primary and secondary schools differs from that used in silviculture, e.g. by forestry technicians. In this paper some discrepancies between the mire terminologies used by the Swedish-speaking people in Finland, as well as the Swedish mire terminology used in Sweden are elucidated. An improved Swedish terminology is suggested.
Key words: Classification, peatland, terminology
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Haeggström,
Department of Botany, University of Helsingfors, Unionsgatan 44, SF-00170 Helsingfors, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Esimerkki pseudolajien runsauskynnysten muuntelun vaikutuksesta TWINSPAN-Iuokittelussa.
English title: The effect of pseudospecies cut level settings on the results of TWINSPAN classification.
Avainsanat:
drained peatlands;
mire classification;
vegetation;
mire site type;
multivariate analysis
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TWINSPAN classifications of the same drained mire vegetation data using four different pseudospecies cut level scales were compared. The material consisted of 96 sample plots located on drained spruce and pine mires in eastern Finland. The pseudospecies cut level scales were the octave scale (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 and 64%), a coarse scale (0, 5, 10, 20 and 50%), TWINSPAN default settings (0, 2, 5, 10 and 20%), and presence/absence. The classificatons were quite similar at the first division but they differed markedly from each other at the final third division showing that the choice of cut levels has an important effect on TWIN-SPAN results. The sample plots in one TWINSPAN cluster defined with set of cut levels were allocated to several clusters defined with other cut level settings. The presence/absence setting resulted in a classification which was the most different from the classification made using the default settings. The TWINSPAN classifications performed using the default and octave scale settings corresponded the best with the field classification of the plots and were ecologically the most interpretable.
Keywords: Drained peatlands, mire classification, mire site type, multivariate analysis, vegetation
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Hotanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Station, P.O. Box 68, SF-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Tuhka-ajoitusmenetelmän ja sammalvuosikasvainajoituksen vertailu rahkamättäissä.
English title: A comparison of ash dating and moss-increment dating in Sphagnum hummocks.
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A comparison of two methods for dating recent ombrotrophic peat hummocks was made at three mires. For depths approximately below 10 cm, acid insoluble ash dating gave greater ages than moss-increment dating; for depths above 10 cm, the methods showed more similar ages. The moss-increment dates were assumed to be generally correct since there was a good correlation between several independent dating results and moss-increment ages at one of the study sites. Despite the declining accuracy of moss-increment dating with depth, it should be the method chosen for dating recent peat in areas where the assumption of constant acid insoluble ash deposition is invalid. Increment dating is practically useful only in the moss hummocks, except for when the moss stems have been compressed into a horizontal position.
Keywords: Dating, mineral dust, peatlands, Sphagnum, surface peats
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Eustis,
Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, P.O. Box U-42, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Tolonen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Skotlannin peittosuot ja niiden suojelu.
English title: Scottish blanket mires and their conservation.
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Controversy between the conservation and utilization of Scottish peadands is discussed on the basis of the authors' experience from the excursion of the International Mire Conservation Group (IMCG) to Scotland in September 1986 (EK & PS) and the participation in the international symposium "Peatland Ecosystems and Man: An Impact Assessment" in Dundee, Scotland in September 1989 (HV). Many blanket mires, especially in north-central Scotland, have an international conservation value. At the same time almost one fifth of this mire area has been afforested. The purpose of the Nature Conservancy Council is to conserve as large watershed areas as possible and to guide afforestation to those areas which have already lost their naturalness. There is now an urgent need of mire conservation in Scotland in order to save distinguished areas of Scottish blanket mires.
Key words: afforestation, peatlands, preservation, Scodand
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Kaakkinen,
Provincial Government in Oulu, P.O. Box 293, SF-90101Oulu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Salminen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Vasander, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soiden maataloudellinen merkitys nyt ja tulevaisuudessa.
English title: Peatlands in Finnish agriculture now and in the future.
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While approximately 10% of agriculture in Finland is still carried out on peat soils, the area involved is decreasing faster than the area of mineral soils. However, the large reserve of peatlands in Finland may become important in the future for agricultural production as a result of global climatic warming which would move the best agricultural areas northwards.
Keywords: Agriculture, peat cultivation, peat soil, peatlands
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Heikkilä,
Society of Peat Cultivation, Karelia Research Station, SF-82600 Tohmajärvi, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suot sodanjälkeisessä asutustoiminnassa.
English title: Peatlands in the postwar colonization.
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After the Second World War appreciable areas of land in Finland were cleared for cultivation to replace cultivated fields lost in the war, in order to reach self-sufficiency in food production and to satisfy the need for land. The clearance of unproductive fens in northern Finland enabled the preservation of an equivalent area of productive forest in the central and southern parts of the country. One hectare of forest saved in this way can be estimated to have produced 160 m3 of wood from 1949 to the present time.
The colonization of Salla district in northern Finland is discussed in detail. The area of cultivated land increased by a factor of 12.3 during 1945-1969. The clearance remained unfinished, however, so that only a few of the farms reached the planned size and settlement remained smaller than intended. Nevertheless, information to date does not give any indication of cattle being given up any more rapidly on the colonization farms than on the old farms.
The area of peatland as a part of the whole cultivation has decreased but peat is still an essential feature in the agriculture of Lapland. The abundant supply of humus throughout the land is largely due to the peat. The greenhouse effect could increase the value of the northern peatlands.
Keywords: Agriculture, colonization, peatland cultivation
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Valmari,
Mäkiranta 2-4B 9, SF-96400 Rovaniemi, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soidensuojelun kehitys Suomessa.
English title: The development of mire preservation in Finland.
Avainsanat:
peatlands;
Nature conservation
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The preservation of Finnish mires effectively started in 1965 when the Finnish Association for Nature Protection and the Finnish Peatland Society formed a joint committee for mire protection. This committee, chaired by the author, produced a conservation programme primarily for state-owned lands, comprising altogether 209 protection areas in different vegetation zones of Finland. Consequently, the majority of the areas suggested came under the jurisdiction of the National Board of Forestry.
In 1976, a new working group was established by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry to assess the scientific basis of peatland protection and to prepare a comprehensive national programme for preserving Finnish mires. Most of the members of the previous committee were able to participate in the activities of the new working group. In 1979 and 1981 the Finnish Government approved in principle the basic protection plans which included approximately 600 mires covering a combined area of 0.5 Mha. In addition, national parks and strict nature reserves contain about 0.2 Mha of mires. The objective is to preserve ca. 7% of the original area (10 Mha) of Finnish peatlands. During the 1980s, some 400 000 ha of mire preservation areas have been established on state-owned land, while about 85 000 ha of privately-owned mires (included in the conservation programme) still remain unprotected. There is a clear need to complete the mire conservation programme, especially in southern Finland.
Keywords: Nature conservation, peatlands
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Ruuhijärvi,
University of Helsinki, Department of Botany, Ecological Laboratories, Fabianinkatu 24A, SF-00100 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Metsänparannuksella aikaansaadun tuloksen turvaaminen metsäojitusalueilla.
English title: Confirmation of the results of forest amelioration of drained peatland forests.
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Approximately half of the original area of Finnish peatlands, 10 Mha, have been drained for forestry. In addition slightly less than 1 Mha of paludified mineral soil have been drained. The drained area comprises approximately one quarter of the present total forest area in Finland and the current growth of tree stands on drained peatland forests is steeply increasing. Thus the increase in the annual growth increment due to forest amelioration is presently c. 8 Mm3 and increasing by several percent each year. While this trend is welcome a third of drained peatland area already needs urgent additional drainage and silviculture management if it is to continue.
Keywords: Drainage, peatlands, silviculture
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Antola,
Central Forestry Board Tapio, Maistraatinportti 4A, SF-00241 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suot Suomen metsätaloudessa.
English title: Peatlands in Finnish forestry.
Avainsanat:
forest drainage;
peatlands
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Up to the present 5 Mha of peatland, i.e. 50% of the total peatland area of Finland, have been drained for forestry. The annual growth of peatland forests has increased from 6 Mm3 in the 1920s up 15 Mm3 in the 1980s, which is 22% of the total annual growth of the country's forests. To maintain the drainage systems, about 40 000 km of ditches should be cleaned annually. Silvicultural management of tree stands on peatlands is another urgent task in the near future.
Keywords: Forest drainage, peatlands
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Mikola,
Department of Silviculture, University of Helsinki, Unionin-Icatu 40 B, SF-00170 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Metsäojitettujen soiden luokittelu.
English title: Classification of peatlands drained for forestry.
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In the Finnish classification of drained peatlands in practical forestry, the post-drainage successional plant communities of recently drained areas have been traditionally classified according to their original mire site type (33 different types in forestry use), whereas the more stable communities of older drainage areas have been classified into so called "drained peat-land forest types" (4 types). This system is not firmly based on ecological factors or forestry requirements. The classification would be more logical and operational in forestry, if the successional plant communities of younger drainage areas already were classified into the drained peatland forest types. The paper describes seven such drained peatland forest types: herb-rich type, Vaccinium myrtillus type (I) and (II), Vaccinium vitis-idaea type (I) and (II), dwarf-shrub type and the Cladina type, which have their parallels in the series of upland forest types. The traditional V. myrtillus and V. vitis-idaea types have each been divided into two types; type (I) develops from genuine, forested mire types and type (II) from treeless and sparsely forested composite types. The proposed classification is supported by tree stand and peat property data presented in the paper.
Keywords: Classification, drained peatlands, vegetation
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Laine,
Department of Peatland Forestry, University of Helsinki, SF-00170 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ojitusalueiden puunkorjuun ja metsänparannustöiden yhteensovittaminen.
English title: Combining of logging and forest improvement measures on forest drainage areas.
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The paper is partly based on a practical instruction procedure to combine harvesting and forest amelioration measures on forest drainage areas. It is simply a scheme of order and schedule presented in a table, the purpose of which is to serve as a guide for planning the order and timing of harvesting and forest amelioration practices. In efficient peatland forestry it is necessary to be aware of all the operations that will be required early in the planning phase which presupposes cooperation between different organizations. In the future, with the increase of additional drainage and ditch maintenance, the presented schedule (or similar working model) must be followed in order to avoid bad results in peatland forestry.
Keywords: Drainage, forest amelioration, harvesting, peatland
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Matilainen,
Forestry Board of Eastern Häme, Vesijärvenkatu 9D, P.O. Box 110, SF-15141 Lahti, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Satakunnan suometsien kehitys vuosina 1977-1987.
English title: The development of peatland forests in Satakunta Forestry Board District between 1977 and 1987.
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The development of peatland forests over a 10-year-period (1977-1987) in Satakunta Forestry Board District, Western Finland, is presented, based on the results of the 7th and 8th National Forest Inventories. Over this period the amount of peatlands classified as forest land (MAI over bark over a 100 years rotation ≥ 1 m3ha-1) and the total volume and increment of peatland forests considerably increased, mainly as a result of drainage.
Keywords: Forest drainage, inventory, peatland forests
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Paavilainen,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, P.O. Box 18, SF-01301 Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Rämemäntyalkuperien kehityksestä kangasmaalla.
English title: Development of mire originated Scots pine on mineral soil.
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Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) transplants (2+1+1 or 1+2 years old), the seeds of which had been collected from mire pines in different localities of South Finland, were planted in the early 1930s in a sandy Vaccinium site type at Tuusula (60°22´ N; 25°00´ E), north of Helsinki. The sample plots have been measured several times. At the time of the latest inventory the stands were about 50 years old. The stand development (standing volume, volume increment, dominant height, stem form) has been compared with the local mineral soil stands. The results show that seeds originated from mire pines produce offspring with form and growth (phenotypes) similar to those of pines originating from mineral soil.
Keywords: Hereditary, mire, Scots pine, stand development, stem form, peatland
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Päivänen,
Department of Peatland Forestry, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 40B, SF-00170 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ravinteiden huuhtoutuminen talvella lannoitetulta metsäojitusalueelta.
English title: Leaching of nutrients from a peatland area after fertilizer application on snow.
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Runoff from 16 artificial minibasins was sampled after fertilizer application before snowmelt in March and after it in May. Extremely high concentrations of phosphorus, potassium and ammonium were observed during the snowmelt period in April.
Key words: fertilization, leaching, peatland, phosphorus
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Ahti,
Finnish Forest Research Institute, Department of Peatland Forestry, P.O. Box 18,01301 Vantaa, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Paarlahti, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ojitustilanne Etelä- ja Keski-Suomen sekä Pohjanmaa-Kainuun alueella.
English title: A survey of peat-land drainage activity in southern and central Finland.
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The results of a survey of 254 random sample plots, each 1 km2 in area and covering 1 543 km of mire transect line are reported. 74% of the peat-land encountered were drained with open ditch networks for forestry purposes. Of those 19% were classified as recently drained, 66% as transitional, 10% as transformed peat-moor peatlands, and 5% as being under the influence of nearby drainage. Drainage activity had been most often carried out on spruce mires, pine bogs, combination types, and rich fens and to a lesser extent on poor fens/bog hollows. The nutrient status and peat thickness had been taken into account only to a limited extent although ombrotrophic peatlands had been drained to a lesser extent than rich peatlands. There was an increasing tendency to extend drainage activities to thick, ombrotrophic mire types. 17% of peatland under the influence of drainage (750 000 ha) are unsuitable for forestry purposes. Considered within each unsuitable mire type more than 50% of their area is drained.
Keywords: Drainage, Finland, mire types, peatland
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Eurola,
Department of Botany, University of Oulu, Linnanmaa, SF-90570 Oulu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Aapala, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Kokko, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soidensuojelun perusohjelman toteuttaminen.
English title: Basic plan for peatland nature conservation in Finland.
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The Government of Finland has approved a basic plan for peatland preservation. About 600 mire sites have been proposed for conservation, covering an area of ca. 490 000 hectares. State-owned mires (70 % of the area in the programme) will be protected under the Nature Conservation Act of 1923 (71/23). The mires under other ownership will be acquired by the state for preservation purposes or protected by a decision of the provincial government concerned. A special management and land use plan is to be prepared for every protected peatland area which will be approved by the Ministry of Environment.
Key words: peatland conservation, nature protection, management
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Kaakkinen,
Provincial government in Oulu, P.O. Box 293, SF-90101 Oulu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Salminen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Lapin kolmion lettoisista soista.
English title: The rich fens of the Lapland triangle region.
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The Lapland triangle region, located between the lower courses of the rivers Tornion-joki and Kemijoki in NW-Finland covers an area of 3500 km2. The region is renowed for its concentration of rich fen mire site types, including Campylium stellatum — Limprichtia intermedia — rich fens, eutrophic flark fens, eutrophic birch fens, eutrophic pine mires and eutrophic spruce mires. Peatlands cover about 60 % of the total land area of the region. By the end of the 1970's some 90 % of the area of rich fens had been drained and utilized for cultivation and forestry purposes and several plant species had become endangered. Although some 20 sites have been listed for conservation, enforcement so far has been very limited.
Keywords: fens, peatland drainage, endangered species, conservation.
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Ylimartimo,
Department of Silviculture, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 40 B, SF-00I70, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turpeentuhkan vaikutuksesta puuston kasvuun ja ravinnetilaan käytännön lannoitustyömailla.
English title: Growth and foliar nutrients in peat-ash fertilized stands.
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This study included growth and needle analysis in ash-fertilized spruce and pine stands near Oulu (65 °N, 26 °E). Most of these stands, totalling 770 measured trees, were on peat and fertilized in wintertime 1980 and 1981 as practical work with 40 m3/ha. By 1985 there was a clear increment of growth, especially in spruce stands, probably due to the great amount of phosphorus (375 kg/ha) applied.
Keywords: peatland forestry, tree growth, ash-fertilization, phosphorus.
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Silfverberg,
Department of Peatland Forestry, The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Unioninkatu 40 A, 00170 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Issakainen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suot Aaro Hellaakosken ja Einari Vuorelan runoudessa.
English title: Peat-lands as a source of inspiration in Finnish poetry.
Avainsanat:
peatlands;
Finnish literature
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The author cites examples and discusses the abundant occurrence of mires, peatlands, bogs etc. in the work of two esteemed Finnish poets, Aaro Hellaakoski (1893—1952) and Einari Vuorela (1889—1972).
Keywords: peatlands, Finnish literature
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Härkönen,
PO.B. 233, 00121 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suonviljely ja soiden luonnonkasvien hyödyntäminen Neuvosto-Karjalassa.
English title: Use of mires for agricultural, berry and medical plant production in Soviet Karelia.
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The utilization of mires and some recent research results carried out in Soviet Karelia (ASSR), USSR are discussed. There are 3.5 million ha of peatlands and 1.7 million ha of paludified forests. Some 78 000 ha of drained peatlands are used for cultivation of forage and vegetable crops and there are plans to increase this amount. Some 38 000 ha of virgin peatlands have been preserved for berry production (Vaccinium oxycoc-cos, Rubus chamaemorus). The cultivation of cranberry has also been studied. Karelian peatlands are also used as resources of medicinally important plants: e.g. Me-nyanthes trifoliata, Ledum palustre, Potentilla palustris, Droseraspp., Vaccinium vitis-idaea.
Key words: peatland utilization, agriculture, berry production, medical plants, Soviet Union.
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Vasander,
University of Helsinki, Department of Peatland Forestry, Unioninkatu 40 B, SF-00I70 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Lindholm, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turpeen ravinteisuuden suhde pintakasvillisuuteen sararämeillä.
English title: Relation of peat nutrients to ground vegetation communities on sedge pine fens.
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Vegetation and peat nutrient data from 167 sample plots representing microsites on sedge pine fens are related. The plant data was analysed by two numerical multivariate methods: DECOR AN A-ordination and TWINSPAN-classification. The connection between the results of the numerical analyses and the surface peat nutrient contents is discussed. Phosphorus, calcium and magnesium showed the closest relationship to those plant sociological variations that were interpreted as trophy-dependent. The variation in soil data within classes could not be diminished by using numerical classification methods instead of the Cajanderian peatland site type.
Keywords: peatland classification, peat nutrient contents, multivariate analysis.
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Schneider,
Department of Peatland Forestry, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 40 B, SF-00I70, Finland.
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Westman, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Ojituksen ja lannoituksen vaikutukset sammalten typpi- ja fosforipitoisuuksiin kahdella suomuuttumalla.
English title: Effects of drainage and fertilization on nitrogen and phosphorus contents of mosses in two drained peatland forests.
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The short-term effects of wood ash, PK and NPK fertilizers on total N and P contents of various mosses at an old drainage area in eastern Finland are studied.
Total N contents increased after NPK treatment and total P contents increased after treatments that contained phosphorus (NPK, PK, wood ash). N contents of some mosses also increased after treatments which did not contain any nitrogen (PK and wood ash). On these plots drainage and obviously the fertilizer treatment fastened the decomposition rate of the peat and at the same time the mobilization of the nutrients.
On the control plots (no fertilization) the N contents of the mosses did not differ statistically between the years in either of the study sites. The P contents of some mosses decreased on the control plots of the spruce swamp. One reason for this was apparently the level of the ground water, which did not lower so much in the spruce swamp than in the pine mire, and so the mobilization of the nutrients remained smaller.
The observed nutrient contents of the peat mosses were much smaller than those of the forest mosses and the nutrient contents were also smaller at pine mire than at spruce swamp.
Keywords: bryophytes, fertilization, drained peatlands, nitrogen, phosphorus.
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Jäppinen,
University of Joensuu. Department of Biology. P.O. Box 111, SF-80101 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Soiden kaytöstä Minnesotassa (USA).
English title: The utilization of peatlands in Minnesota (USA).
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Minnesota's peatland resources are described, and their historical, current, and prospective uses are reviewed. Minnesota has a large peat resource that has not been intensively utilized. The state government actively encourages both the industrial development of peatlands and the preservation of significant natural peatlands. Future peatland utilization in Minnesota will probably not be monopolized by a single use, for example, traditional fuel peat production.
Key words: Minnesota, peatland utilization, peat utilization.
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Rengo,
Center for Environmental Studies, Bemidji State University, Bemidji, Minnesota 55601, USA: and Department of Botany, University of Turku, SF-20500 Turku, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Suoyhdistymätyypeistä suhteessa ilmastollisiin ja hydrologisiin vyöhykkeisiin.
English title: The zonation of peatland complex types in relation to climatic and hydrological zones.
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The zonation of peatland complex types and prevalence of peatlands are examined in relation to climatic and hydrological zones in northern Eurasia, particularly in Finland. Mutual coincidences were found in most cases and are considered causal. Climatic and hydrological factor gradients were in many cases steeper about the boundaries than within zones.
Keywords: peatland complex types, climatic and hydrological zones, zonation.
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Solantie,
Meteorological Institute, PO. Box 503, SF-00101 Helsinki, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Koillis-Kiinan suot ja niiden hyväksikäyttö.
English title: Peatlands and their utilization in northeast China.
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Peatlands complexes, site type classification and utilization of peatlands in northeast China are reviewed. The number of mire plant species common to both Finland and northeast China is about 120. Peatlands have been reclaimed for agriculture for a long time, but amelioration for forestry is only in the beginning. However, the potential of peatlands for forestry after drainage is considered high.
Keywords: China, peatland complexes, peatland site types, peatland utilization.
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Zhao,
Changchun Institute of Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People's Republic of China
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Päivänen, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Tuhka- ja NPK-lannoituksen lyhyen aikavalin vaikutuksista änkyrimatoihin kahdella vanhalla ojitusalueella Itä-Suomessa.
English title: Short-term effects of ash and NPK fertilization on Enchytraeidae populations in two old, drained peatland areas in eastern Finland.
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The short-terms effects of wood ash and NPK fertilizer on the population of Enchytraeidae worms in a drained spruce swamp and pine bog were studied. Both NPK fertilizer (300 kg/ha) and ash (3000 kg/ha) treatments reduced worm numbers at both sites, but the effects were slight compared to seasonal fluctuations. Temporal fluctuations in worm numbers were relatively smaller at the pine bog than at the spruce swamp. NPK fertilizer temporarily changed the relative vertical distribution while tha ash treatment did not. The effects upon worm biomass and respiration rate were similar as those for worm numbers
.
Key words: Enchytraeidae, NPK fertilization, ash fertilization, drained peatlands
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Hotanen,
The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Joensuu Research Station, Yliopistonkatu 7, SF-80100 Joensuu, Finland
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
Turpeen alkuainemääritykset Geologian tutkimuskeskuksessa – tuloksia laajasta analyysiaineistosta.
English title: The element assays of peat in the Geological Survey of Finland.
Viimeisten vuosisatojen lämpimien ja kylmien ilmastovaiheiden vaikutus ikiroutasoiden hiilidynamiikkaan ja hydrologisiin muutoksiin.
English title: Response of permafrost peatland hydrology and carbon dynamics to warm and cold climate phases during the last centuries.
Original keywords:
hiilen kertyminen;
ilmastonmuutos;
hydrologiset muutokset;
ikiroutasuot;
kasvimakrofossiilit;
kuoriamebat
English keywords:
climate change;
Carbon accumulation;
hydrological changes;
permafrost peatlands;
plant macrofossils;
testate amoeba
Viljellyn kalmojuuren (Acorus calamus) ja mustuvapajun (Salix myrsinifolia) sadot suonpohjalla.
English title: The crops of the cultivated Common Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus) and Dark Leaved Willow (Salix myrsinifolia) on peat.
English keywords:
cut-away peatland;
root yield;
one-year shoot yield;
total salicil content;
β-asaron content
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(Acorus calamus L.) ja mustuvapajun (Salix myrsinifolia Salisb) viljelykokeita. Kalmojuurta ja mustuvapajua viljeltiin Juvan Pakinsuolla (61° 50’ N/27° 52’ E) ja Mikkelin Kovalansuolla (61° 46’ N/27° 18’ E). Lisäksi pajua viljeltiin kivennäismaalla MTT:n Mikkelin Karilan tutkimusasemalla (61°44’ N/ 27°18’ E). Suonpohjapeltojen happamuus oli 4,3 ja 4,8; kokeet perustettiin joko lannoittamattomille ja kalkitsemattomille tai lannoitetuille ruuduille. Lannoitetuissa ruuduissa käytettiin 15000 kg ha–1 kalkkia ja NPK-lannoitusta 75-90-300 kg ha–1. Kolmen kalmojuurikannan taimia istutettiin 80 cm × 40 cm:n etäisyydelle ja viiden mustuvapajukannan juurrutettuja varsipistokkaita istutettiin 60 cm × 50 cm:n välein. Kalmojuuren juurisato mitattiin toisen ja kolmannen kasvukauden lopussa ja sadosta tutkittiin sekä juuriöljyn määrää että koostumusta. Pajukantojen yksivuotisten versojen sato mitattiin joka vuosi elokuussa ja määritettiin salisiinin kokonaispitoisuus. Kalmojuuren tuore- ja kuivajuurisato oli kolmannen kasvukauden jälkeen 6,2 ja 1,7 kg m–2. Kuivan juurisadon öljypitoisuus oli suurin kolmannen vuoden lokakuussa 1,5 %. Öljyn β-asaronin pitoisuus eurooppalaisten triploidikantojen öljyssä oli 11 – 12 %, kun vastaava määrä pohjoisamerikkalaisen diploidikannan öljyssä oli β-asaronia vain 1,8 %. Lannoitetun mustuvapajun yksivuotisten versojen tuore sato oli toisena ja kolmantena vuonna 6,4 ja 10,4 kg m–2. Salisiinin kokonaispitoisuus oli korkein pajun Si-4 kannassa (4,4 %), ja suurimmat pitoisuudet mitattiin elokuun alussa. Suopellolta ja kivennäismailta saatiin määrältään ja laadultaan samanlaiset sadot. Viljelykoetuloksien mukaan kalmojuurta ja mustuvapajua voidaan viljellä suonpohjalla. Sadonkorjuun toteuttaminen on kuitenkin eräs merkittävä viljelyn pullonkaula. Lisää tutkimusta tarvittaisiinkin laajemmassa tuotantomittakaavassa mm. koneellisen sadon korjuun edellytysten selvittämiseksi.
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Galambosi,
Bertalan Galambosi, Maatalouden tutkimuskeskus, Kasvintuotannon tutkimus, Karilantie 2A, 50600 Mikkeli, email: bertalan.galambosi@mtt.fi
Sähköposti:
ei.tietoa@nn.oo
- Jokela, Sähköposti: ei.tietoa@nn.oo
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